[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":77},["ShallowReactive",2],{"post-86325bcdfe62f25cc0b":3,"recom-86325bcdfe62f25cc0b":21},{"summary":4,"updateTime":5,"title":6,"cateName":7,"content":8,"cover":9,"createTime":10,"cateId":11,"isTop":12,"nickname":13,"siteId":14,"id":15,"isPage":12,"slug":16,"views":17,"status":18,"uid":15,"coverImageUrl":19,"createDate":20,"cate":11,"keywords":-1},"Judgment Method of Three Types of Amplifiers Looking for capacitors online purchase? is a reliable marketplace to buy and learn about capacitors. Come with us for amazing deals & information.",1776841108052,"Judgment Method of Three Types of Amplifiers","Tutorials","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Triode based audio and electronic amplifiers are very commonly found in many walks of life. Although, the transistor based amplifiers created the danger of obsolescence of tube amplifiers, the tube amplifiers have succeeded in maintaining a cult following amongst the audiophiles. The main reason behind this is the warm and crunchy sound response of tube amplifiers.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The main component in tube amplifiers is the triode. Triode is essentially an amplifying vacuum tube which consists of three electrodes inside a glass casing. The electrodes are known as anode, cathode, and grid respectively. Triodes were widely used in all types of electronic circuits until they got replaced by transistors. [\u003Ca href=\"#Lee19\">1\u003C/a>]\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">According to the electronic circuit configuration, there are three main types of amplifiers. These types include common emitter, common collector, and common base amplifiers. Following sub-sections provide an ample discussion on these amplifier types.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cdiv id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_69_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\">\u003Ca href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\">\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\">\u003Cspan class=\"\">\u003Cspan class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\">\u003Csvg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\">\u003C/path>\u003C/svg>\u003Csvg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\">\u003Cpath d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"/>\u003C/svg>\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cnav>\u003Cul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' >\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"#Common_Emitter_Amplifier\" title=\"Common Emitter Amplifier\">Common Emitter Amplifier\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"#Common_Collector_Amplifier\" title=\"Common Collector Amplifier\">Common Collector Amplifier\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"#Common_Base_Amplifier\" title=\"Common Base Amplifier\">Common Base Amplifier\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"#Works_Cited\" title=\"Works Cited\">Works Cited\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003C/nav>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Emitter_Amplifier\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Common Emitter Amplifier\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Common emitter amplifiers are the most widely used type of amplifiers. Common emitter amplifiers can be identified easily by the grounded emitter terminal. Like all other amplifiers, the CE amplifier also operates on an AC input. The common emitter amplifier is a single-stage amplifier which uses a BJT transistor or a triode as an amplifying element. The circuit of common emitter amplifier is given as following:\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cdiv id=\"attachment_4685\" style=\"width: 670px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\u003Cimg fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4685\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-4685\" src=\"/uploads/2019/09/Figure-1-Common-Emitter-Amplifier-Circuit.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"660\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/09/Figure-1-Common-Emitter-Amplifier-Circuit.jpg 387w, uploads/2019/09/Figure-1-Common-Emitter-Amplifier-Circuit-250x194.jpg 250w, uploads/2019/09/Figure-1-Common-Emitter-Amplifier-Circuit-150x116.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" />\u003Cp id=\"caption-attachment-4685\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Figure 1: Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Ca href=\"https://www.elprocus.com/common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-working/\">https://www.elprocus.com/common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-working/\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The resistors R1 and R2 form a voltage divider circuit which is used for biasing the transistor. The resistor R\u003Csub>E \u003C/sub>provides thermal stability to the amplifier. A coupling capacitor is present on the input side of the transistor which filters out DC component from the signal. [\u003Ca href=\"#Tar19\">2\u003C/a>]\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Major advantages of common emitter amplifier include low input impedance, high output impedance, high power gain, low noise, and high current gain. Main disadvantages of common emitter amplifier include unsuitability for high frequencies, unstable voltage gain, high thermal instability, and high output resistance. The CE amplifiers find their applications in low frequency voltage amplifiers, RF circuits, and low noise amplifiers. [\u003Ca href=\"#Tar19\">2\u003C/a>]\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Collector_Amplifier\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Common Collector Amplifier\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The common collector amplifier can be identified from the grounded collector terminal of the triode or the transistor. The common collector amplifiers are mostly used as buffers in multi-stage amplifier circuits. The CC amplifier circuit is given as following:\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cdiv id=\"attachment_4686\" style=\"width: 633px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4686\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-4686\" src=\"/uploads/2019/09/Figure-2-Common-Collector-Amplifier-or-Emitter-Follower-Circuit.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"623\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/09/Figure-2-Common-Collector-Amplifier-or-Emitter-Follower-Circuit.jpg 329w, uploads/2019/09/Figure-2-Common-Collector-Amplifier-or-Emitter-Follower-Circuit-250x204.jpg 250w, uploads/2019/09/Figure-2-Common-Collector-Amplifier-or-Emitter-Follower-Circuit-150x123.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px\" />\u003Cp id=\"caption-attachment-4686\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Figure 2 Common Collector Amplifier or Emitter Follower Circuit\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\"> \u003Ca href=\"https://www.elprocus.com/common-collector-amplifier-circuit-working/\">https://www.elprocus.com/common-collector-amplifier-circuit-working/\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The input signal is introduced via the base of the triode whereas the output is taken from the emitter terminal. The main advantages of CC amplifier include high current gain, high input resistance, and low output resistance. The disadvantages of CC amplifier include low voltage gain. The CC amplifiers find their applications as impedance matching amplifiers, isolation amplifiers, and buffer amplifiers in cascade or multi-stage amplifier systems. [\u003Ca href=\"#Dav19\">3\u003C/a>]\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Base_Amplifier\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Common Base Amplifier\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The common base amplifier configuration is not as widely used as the CE and CC amplifiers. They are mostly used in high frequency circuits. In a common base amplifier the base terminal of the triode is connected to the ground, the input signal is applied to the emitter, and the output is taken from the collector terminal. The circuit diagram of the CB amplifier is given as following:\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cdiv id=\"attachment_4687\" style=\"width: 688px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4687\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-4687\" src=\"/uploads/2019/09/Figure-3-Common-Base-Amplifier-using-an-NPN-Transistor.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"678\" height=\"835\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/09/Figure-3-Common-Base-Amplifier-using-an-NPN-Transistor.png 194w, uploads/2019/09/Figure-3-Common-Base-Amplifier-using-an-NPN-Transistor-150x185.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 678px) 100vw, 678px\" />\u003Cp id=\"caption-attachment-4687\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Figure 3 Common Base Amplifier using an NPN Transistor\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Ca href=\"https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/amplifier/common-base-amplifier.html\">https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/amplifier/common-base-amplifier.html\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The CB amplifiers are used in high frequency circuits where low input impedance is required. They are used in applications such as moving coil microphone pre-amplifiers, UHF, VHF, and RF amplifiers. The advantages of CB amplifier include decent voltage gain and current buffering capability. The disadvantages include need for dual power supply, low input impedance, low current gain, and high output impedance. [\u003Ca href=\"#www19\">4\u003C/a>]\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Works_Cited\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Works Cited\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\r\n\u003Ctable width=\"630\">\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"18\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">[1]\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"606\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Lee Forest. (2019, August) www.allaboutcircuits.com. [Online]. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semiconductors/chpt-13/the-triode/\">https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semiconductors/chpt-13/the-triode/\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"18\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">[2]\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"606\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Tarun Agarwal. (2019, June) www.elprocus.com. [Online]. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.elprocus.com/common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-working/\">https://www.elprocus.com/common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-working/\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"18\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">[3]\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"606\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Dave Moldenhauer. (2019, March) www.watelectrical.com. [Online]. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.watelectrical.com/working-and-applications-of-common-collector-amplifier/\">https://www.watelectrical.com/working-and-applications-of-common-collector-amplifier/\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"18\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">[4]\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"606\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">(2019, August) www.electronics-notes.com. [Online]. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/transistor/transistor-common-base-circuit.php\">https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/transistor/transistor-common-base-circuit.php\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C!-- clear for photos floats -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">","uploads/2019/09/Figure-1-Common-Emitter-Amplifier-Circuit.jpg",1776793431000,"20db6653d7e85fded62",0,"Admin","2028706543895019522","86325bcdfe62f25cc0b","judgment-method-of-three-types-of-amplifiers",56,1,"/uploads/2019/09/Figure-1-Common-Emitter-Amplifier-Circuit.jpg","Apr 22, 2026",[22,32,41,49,59,68],{"id":23,"title":24,"summary":25,"content":26,"cover":27,"cateId":11,"tags":27,"views":28,"isTop":12,"status":18,"createBy":27,"createTime":29,"updateBy":27,"updateTime":30,"institutionId":27,"isPage":12,"images":27,"horizontalCover":27,"verticalCover":27,"slug":31,"siteId":14},"c047d1a580d380475ed","What are the development tools for supporting 2802x-based applications?","What are the development tools for supporting 2802x-based applications? Looking for capacitors online purchase? is a reliable marketplace to buy and learn about capacitors. Come with us for amazing deals & information.","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva; font-size: 12pt;\">\u003Cspan style=\"color: #c70a0a;\">*\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080;\">Question\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"1136\">What are the development tools for supporting 2802x-based applications?\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cspan style=\"color: #c70a0a;\">\u003Cbr />\r\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">*\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 12pt;\"> Answer\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: inherit;\">● CodeComposerStudi0 integrated development environment IDE – c / c compiler A code generation tool An assembler / linker One cycle accurate simulator \u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: inherit;\">● Application algorithm · \u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C!-- clear for photos floats -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">",null,238,"2026-04-22 01:44:14","2026-04-22 14:58:27","what-are-the-development-tools-for-supporting-2802x-based-applications",{"id":33,"title":34,"summary":35,"content":36,"cover":27,"cateId":11,"tags":37,"views":38,"isTop":12,"status":18,"createBy":27,"createTime":39,"updateBy":27,"updateTime":30,"institutionId":27,"isPage":12,"images":27,"horizontalCover":27,"verticalCover":27,"slug":40,"siteId":14},"6d16643f4061eb43174","What is the thermocouple sensor made of?","What is the thermocouple sensor made of? Looking for capacitors online purchase? is a reliable marketplace to buy and learn about capacitors. Come with us for amazing deals & information.","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva; font-size: 12pt;\">\u003Cspan style=\"color: #c70a0a;\">*\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080;\">Question\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"1136\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">What is the thermocouple sensor made of?\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cspan style=\"color: #c70a0a;\">\u003Cbr />\r\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">*\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 12pt;\"> Answer\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"1136\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: trebuchet-ms;\">A thermocouple sensor is a thermal sensor that uses thermoelectric phenomena.\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u003Cbr />\r\n\u003C/span>\u003C/p>","sensor",229,"2026-04-22 01:43:58","what-is-the-thermocouple-sensor-made-of",{"id":42,"title":43,"summary":44,"content":45,"cover":27,"cateId":11,"tags":46,"views":47,"isTop":12,"status":18,"createBy":27,"createTime":39,"updateBy":27,"updateTime":30,"institutionId":27,"isPage":12,"images":27,"horizontalCover":27,"verticalCover":27,"slug":48,"siteId":14},"61750966158705a45ac","What is the goal of software design for terminal nodes?","What is the goal of software design for terminal nodes? Looking for capacitors online purchase? is a reliable marketplace to buy and learn about capacitors. Come with us for amazing deals & information.","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva; font-size: 12pt;\">\u003Cspan style=\"color: #c70a0a;\">*\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080;\">Question\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"1136\">What is the goal of software design for terminal nodes?\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cspan style=\"color: #c70a0a;\">\u003Cbr />\r\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">*\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 12pt;\"> Answer\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"1136\">Data acquisition of analog input and digital input through C language, that is, collecting parameters from electrical equipment in power grid and substation, and classifying data to master the operation status of the substation and the status of electrical equipment in the station;The command, the jump switch, to achieve the purpose of monitoring and control.\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u003Cbr />\r\n\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C!-- clear for photos floats -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">","design,terminal",224,"what-is-the-goal-of-software-design-for-terminal-nodes",{"id":50,"title":51,"summary":52,"content":53,"cover":54,"cateId":11,"tags":27,"views":55,"isTop":12,"status":18,"createBy":27,"createTime":56,"updateBy":27,"updateTime":57,"institutionId":27,"isPage":12,"images":27,"horizontalCover":27,"verticalCover":27,"slug":58,"siteId":14},"a39a5d8553e41a5005a","Template Analysis Method For EMC Problems","Template Analysis Method For EMC Problems Looking for capacitors online purchase? is a reliable marketplace to buy and learn about capacitors. Come with us for amazing deals & information.","\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"198\">\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cdiv id=\"attachment_5001\" style=\"width: 265px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5001\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-5001\" src=\"uploads/2019/10/Forms-of-electromagnetic-interference-400x224.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"255\" height=\"143\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/10/Forms-of-electromagnetic-interference-400x224.jpg 400w, uploads/2019/10/Forms-of-electromagnetic-interference-250x140.jpg 250w, uploads/2019/10/Forms-of-electromagnetic-interference-150x84.jpg 150w, uploads/2019/10/Forms-of-electromagnetic-interference.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 255px) 100vw, 255px\" />\u003Cp id=\"caption-attachment-5001\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The form of electromagnetic interference\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/div>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"425\">\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cdiv id=\"attachment_5004\" style=\"width: 376px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\u003Cimg fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5004\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-5004\" src=\"uploads/2019/10/The-main-form-of-electromagnetic-interference-400x182.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"366\" height=\"166\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/10/The-main-form-of-electromagnetic-interference-400x182.jpg 400w, uploads/2019/10/The-main-form-of-electromagnetic-interference-250x114.jpg 250w, uploads/2019/10/The-main-form-of-electromagnetic-interference-150x68.jpg 150w, uploads/2019/10/The-main-form-of-electromagnetic-interference.jpg 562w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 366px) 100vw, 366px\" />\u003Cp id=\"caption-attachment-5004\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The main form of electromagnetic interference\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/div>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The electromagnetic interference problem is a key issue in any hardware design field. It is especially important to understand the initial dry electromagnetic interference problem to solve this problem.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cstrong>The electromagnetic interference model has three basic elements:\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Col>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">There is electromagnetic interference energy.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">There is a device that is subject to electromagnetic interference.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">There is a coupling channel to transmit electromagnetic energy between the interfered and interfered devices.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ol>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Electromagnetic interference only occurs when these three basic elements are met at the same time. EMC engineers should determine the EMC design content and design direction based on the physical structure.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The EMC analysis template is determined by the electrical length of the structure. Converting the physical dimensions of the device structure to electrical length is the starting point for design and problem finding. The combination and connection of templates constitute a model for analyzing electromagnetic compatibility problems. The template analysis method is to select the appropriate template and electromagnetic logic connection according to the actual problem and structure to form a dynamic process of complete electromagnetic interference phenomenon.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The EMC design of printed circuit boards is the cheapest and most effective way to eliminate the main sources of RF interference. When the interference source on the printed circuit board and the victim device exist in the same small space, the engineer must control the electromagnetic energy generated. This means that electromagnetic energy is only present at the required assembly parts. This is the method of removing EMC problems, electromagnetic suppression or electromagnetic cancellation.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C!-- clear for photos floats -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">","uploads/2019/10/Forms-of-electromagnetic-interference-400x224.jpg",498,"2026-04-22 01:43:54","2026-04-22 14:58:28","template-analysis-method-for-emc-problems",{"id":60,"title":61,"summary":62,"content":63,"cover":64,"cateId":11,"tags":27,"views":65,"isTop":12,"status":18,"createBy":27,"createTime":66,"updateBy":27,"updateTime":30,"institutionId":27,"isPage":12,"images":27,"horizontalCover":27,"verticalCover":27,"slug":67,"siteId":14},"4e90914c43b2a6a4366","Precautions for using MOS (Metal-Oxide-Silicon transistor) tubes","Precautions for using MOS (Metal-Oxide-Silicon transistor) tubes Looking for capacitors online purchase? is a reliable marketplace to buy and learn about capacitors. Come with us for amazing deals & information.","\u003Cdiv id=\"attachment_4675\" style=\"width: 388px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\u003Cimg fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4675\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-4675\" src=\"uploads/2019/09/MOS-tube.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"378\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/09/MOS-tube.jpg 225w, uploads/2019/09/MOS-tube-150x150.jpg 150w, uploads/2019/09/MOS-tube-24x24.jpg 24w, uploads/2019/09/MOS-tube-48x48.jpg 48w, uploads/2019/09/MOS-tube-96x96.jpg 96w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\" />\u003Cp id=\"caption-attachment-4675\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">MOS tube\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">A MOS transistor (also known as metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) is electrically conductive by a majority of carriers’ and it is a voltage controlled electrical device. It is also called a unipolar transistor. It has three main terminals; Gate (G), Drain (D) and Source (S). The Gate voltage determines the conductivity of the device and with change of applied voltage; the MOS transistor can be used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. Its characteristics are; high input resistance (10^7~10^12Ω), low noise, low power consumption, large dynamic range, easy integration, no secondary breakdown, wide safe working area, source and drain can be interchanged, it is voltage controlled device and conduction takes place through majority carriers (n-channel: electrons and p-channel: holes).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">All MOS integrated circuits (including P-channel MOS, N-channel MOS, complementary MOS-CMOS integrated circuits) have an insulated gate to prevent voltage breakdown. Generally, the thickness of insulating Gate oxide layer of MOS transistor is 5 – 200 nm (about 25 nm, 50 nm, and 80 nm). In addition to the high-impedance gate of the integrated circuit, there is a resistor-diode network for protection. However, MOS devices are sensitive to voltage spikes and static electricity discharges and this can cause difficulties when we have to replace MOS devices especially complementary-symmetry metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices. Therefore, the protection network inside the device is not enough to avoid electrostatic damage (ESD) to the device. To minimize chances of damaging MOS devices during handling, special procedures have been developed to protect them from static shock. ICs are generally shipped and stored in special conductive-plastic tubes or trays. MOS devices safety is ensured by inserting ICs leas into aluminium foil or antistatic (conductive) foam – not Styrofoam. PC boards containing static sensitive devices are normally shipped in special antistatic bags, which are good for storing ICs and other computer components that could be damaged by ESD.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Experiments indicate that MOS device will fail during high-voltage discharge. The device may also fail for accumulation of multiple lower voltage discharges. According to the severity of the damage, there are many forms of electrostatic damage. The most serious and most likely to occur is the complete destruction of the input or output so as to be short-circuited or open to the power supply terminal VDD, and MOS device completely loses its original function. A little bit of serious damage is intermittent failure or degradation of performance, which is even more difficult to detect. There is also some electrostatic damage that can cause the device performance to deteriorate due to increased leakage current.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cstrong>MOS tube definition\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">MOS tube is a MOS transistor or a metal-insulator-semiconductor. The source (S) and drain (D) of MOS tube can be reversed. They are all N-type regions formed in the P-type backgate. And in most cases, the two zones are same even if two ends are reversed. And it will not affect performance of the device. Such devices are considered to be symmetrical. MOS tube is a voltage-driven high-current type device, which is widely used in circuits, especially power systems. MOS tubes have some characteristics that should be paid special attention in practical applications.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">MOS devices have body diodes formed by pn junction between source (S) and drain (D), and also known as parasitic diodes or an internal diode, are found in a single MOS device between the drain and the source. They are not used in integrated circuit lithography (standard method of printed circuit board (PCB), and microprocessor fabrication). This diode can provide reverse protection and freewheeling during high current drive and inductive loads. The forward voltage drop is about 0.7~1V. Because of this diode, the MOS device can’t simply see the function of a switch in the circuit. For example, in the charging circuit, after the charging is completed, the battery will reverse when the supply power is removed; this is usually the result we do not want to see. The general solution is to add a diode to prevent reverse power supply. This can be done, but the characteristics of the diode must have a forward voltage of 0.6~1V. Down, in the case of high currents, the heat is severe, and at the same time, the energy is wasted, and the energy efficiency of the whole machine is low. Another method is to add a back-to-back MOS tube and use the low on-resistance of the MOS tube to achieve energy saving. Another common application of this characteristic is low-voltage synchronous rectification. In practice, the body diode is a result of manufacturing process, and it is in between the source and drain and on an n-channel device, if the drains fall below voltage on the source, current will flow from source to drain.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cstrong>Precautions\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">After the MOS tube is turned on, it has no directionality and in this state of operation, it behaves like a wire. It has a resistance characteristic only and there is no conduction voltage drop in this case. Usually, the saturation level on resistance is several to several tens of milliohms (mΩ). MOS tube is also non-directional therefore allowing both DC and AC currents to pass through.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cstrong>Precautions for using MOS tubes\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">In order to safely use the MOS tube, the limit value of the dissipated power of the tube, the maximum drain-source voltage, the maximum gate-source voltage, and the maximum current set values cannot be exceeded in the manufacturing design.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">When using various types of MOS tubes, they must be connected to the circuit in strict accordance with the required bias, and the polarity of the MOS tube bias should be observed. For example, the junction between the source and drain of the junction MOS transistor is a PN junction, the gate of the N-channel transistor can be positively biased; the gate of the P-channel transistor can be negatively biased.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Since the input impedance of the MOS tube is extremely high, the lead pin must be short-circuited during transportation and storage, and the metal shield package should be used to prevent the external induced potential from penetrating the gate. In particular, it is important to note that the MOS tube cannot be placed in a plastic box. It should be placed in a metal box e.g aluminium foil when it is stored, and the tube should be protected from moisture.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">In order to prevent the gate breakdown of the MOS tube, all test instruments, worktables, soldering irons, and the circuit itself must be well grounded; when the pins are soldered, the source is soldered first; before being connected to the circuit, All the lead ends of MOS tube are kept short-circuited with each other, and the short-circuit material is removed after soldering; when removing MOS tube from the component holder, the grounding of the human body should be adhered to. The advanced gas-fired electric soldering iron is convenient for soldering MOS tubes and ensures safety. When the power is not turned off, it is absolutely impossible to insert or remove the tubes from the circuit. The above safety measures must be taken care of when using MOS tubes.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">When installing the MOS tube, pay attention to the location of the installation to avoid heating elements; to prevent the vibration of MOS tube, it is necessary to fasten MOS tube; when the lead is bent, it should be larger than the root size of 5 mm. Therefore it is important to prevent bending of the pins and causing air leaks.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">When using a VMOS tube, a suitable heat sink must be added. Taking VNF306 as an example, the maximum power can reach 30W after it is equipped with a 140×140×4 (mm) heat sink.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">After the multiple MOS tubes are connected in parallel, the high-frequency characteristics of the amplifier are deteriorated due to the corresponding increase in the inter-electrode capacitance and the distributed capacitance and high-frequency parasitic oscillation of the amplifier is easily caused by the feedback. For this reason, the parallel composite MOS tubes generally do not exceed four, and the anti-parasitic oscillation resistors are connected in series to the base or the gate of each tube.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The gate-source voltage of the junction MOS transistor cannot be reversed and can be saved in the open state. When the insulated gate MOS transistor is not used, the electrodes must be short-circuited since its input resistance is very high, so as to avoid an external electric field. The MOS tube is damaged by such action.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">When soldering, the soldering iron shell must be equipped with an external grounding wire to prevent damage to MOS tube due to electrification of the soldering iron. For a small amount of soldering, you can also solder the soldering iron after removing the plug or cutting off the power. Especially when soldering insulated gate MOS transistors, they should be soldered in the order of source-drain-gate, and the power should be cut off.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">When soldering with 25W soldering iron, it should be fast. If soldering with 45~75W soldering iron, use the tweezers to clamp the root of the pin to help dissipate heat. The junction MOS tube can qualitatively check the quality of the MOS tube by using the table resistance file (check the resistance between the forward and reverse resistance of each PN junction and the drain source), and the insulated gate field effect tube cannot be inspected with a multimeter, and the tester must be used. Moreover, the short-circuit line of each electrode can be removed after the tester is connected. When it is removed, it should be short-circuited and then removed. The key is to avoid the gate hanging.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">When input impedance is a factor to consider during design process, it is necessary to take moisture-proof measures to avoid lowering the input resistance of the MOS tube due to temperature influence. If a four-lead MOS transistor is used, its substrate leads should be grounded. The ceramic packaged of the MOS tube has photosensitive properties and should be protected from light.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">For power MOS tubes, there must be good heat dissipation conditions. Because the power MOS tube is used under high load conditions, it is necessary to design a sufficient heat sink to ensure that the temperature of MOS tube casing does not exceed the rated value, so that the MOS device can work stably and reliably for a long time.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">In short, to ensure use of MOS tubes safely, there are many precautions to be adhered to, and the safety measures adopted are various. The vast number of professional and technical personnel required, especially the vast number of electronic enthusiasts, must proceed according to their actual conditions. Take practical measures to use MOS tubes safely and effectively.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C!-- clear for photos floats -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">","uploads/2019/09/MOS-tube.jpg",146,"2026-04-22 01:43:51","precautions-for-using-mos-metal-oxide-silicon-transistor-tubes",{"id":69,"title":70,"summary":71,"content":72,"cover":73,"cateId":11,"tags":27,"views":74,"isTop":12,"status":18,"createBy":27,"createTime":66,"updateBy":27,"updateTime":75,"institutionId":27,"isPage":12,"images":27,"horizontalCover":27,"verticalCover":27,"slug":76,"siteId":14},"4b88a36779480e8fbb2","What Should We Do If The RTC Clock Has An Occasional Delay Or Timeout?","What Should We Do If The RTC Clock Has An Occasional Delay Or Timeout? Looking for capacitors online purchase? is a reliable marketplace to buy and learn about capacitors. Come with us for amazing deals & information.","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">If your RTC clock isn’t giving you same results each time you use it, then there is a possibility of irregular delays or timeouts in the circuit. In a very warm working environment, RTC clocks have sporadic delays or timeouts. RTC circuit designing is simple, but it is very difficult to ensure the following while designing it:\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Accuracy of the RTC clock\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Quickly locate and detect the actual cause of delays or timeouts\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Let’s take a situation where \u003Cem>RTC clock is showing unexpected results because of irregular delays and/or timeouts and how NXP’s PCF8563 RTC chip provides a solution to this issue.\u003C/em>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"271\">\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cdiv id=\"attachment_4727\" style=\"width: 214px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4727\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-4727\" src=\"uploads/2019/10/PCF8563.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"204\" height=\"174\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/10/PCF8563.jpg 364w, uploads/2019/10/PCF8563-250x212.jpg 250w, uploads/2019/10/PCF8563-150x127.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 204px) 100vw, 204px\" />\u003Cp id=\"caption-attachment-4727\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">PCF8563\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/div>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"353\">\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cdiv id=\"attachment_4726\" style=\"width: 398px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\u003Cimg fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4726\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-4726\" src=\"uploads/2019/10/PCF8563-schematic-symbols-400x177.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"388\" height=\"172\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/10/PCF8563-schematic-symbols-400x177.jpg 400w, uploads/2019/10/PCF8563-schematic-symbols-250x110.jpg 250w, uploads/2019/10/PCF8563-schematic-symbols-768x339.jpg 768w, uploads/2019/10/PCF8563-schematic-symbols-650x287.jpg 650w, uploads/2019/10/PCF8563-schematic-symbols-150x66.jpg 150w, uploads/2019/10/PCF8563-schematic-symbols-800x354.jpg 800w, uploads/2019/10/PCF8563-schematic-symbols.jpg 862w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 388px) 100vw, 388px\" />\u003Cp id=\"caption-attachment-4726\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">PCF8563 schematic symbols\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/div>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">We will do a step-by-step analysis of the situation:\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Col>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The industrial control board for the RTC clock uses NXP’s PCF8563 RTC chip solution. Its output accuracy depends on whether the clock frequency of the external quartz crystal output is accurate. The output frequency of the quartz crystal itself has a certain error. At a normal temperature of 25\u003Cstrong>°\u003C/strong>C, the frequency error is ±20 ppm, and the average error is up to 5 minutes/year. As time increases, slow changes in crystal circuit components can cause long-term frequency drift. Also, when the external temperature is extreme, the clock oscillation circuit may behave abnormally, affecting the normal timing of the RTC. The solution to this problem is an external 32.768kHz quartz crystal and capacitor.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The power supply battery of the industrial control board RTC chip selects the lithium manganese dioxide battery of model CR2032. The theoretical operating temperature range of the battery is -30\u003Cstrong>°\u003C/strong>C ~ 60\u003Cstrong>°\u003C/strong> Similar to other lithium batteries, if the external temperature is extreme, it will change the internal chemical reaction. This may cause a decrease in battery life or a risk of voltage abnormality, thus affecting the normal operation of the RTC circuit.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ol>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">We should implement the following solutions to have a long-term and high-precision guarantee at extreme temperatures:\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Col>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cem>Select an RTC chip with temperature compensation such as EPSON’s RX-8025T.\u003C/em> The chip is a built-in 32.768kHz crystal with high-precision temperature compensation. Its output waveform is temperature-compensated, which can improve the stability and accuracy of the RTC. Since we have subjected the embedded crystal to high-temperature ageing treatment, it has better stability than the independent crystal. Also, the accuracy error is less than ±5ppm between -40\u003Cstrong>°\u003C/strong>C to 85\u003Cstrong>°\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cem>Select an industrial-grade battery (for example, FANSO ER14505).\u003C/em> In theory, it can work normally within the working temperature range of -40\u003Cstrong>°\u003C/strong>C ~ 85\u003Cstrong>°\u003C/strong>C. As shown in \u003Cem>Figure 1\u003C/em>, the RTC chip operating power comprises the system VCC_3.3 power supply and battery power. We design this power supply circuit to use the VCC_3.3 power supply converted from the external power supply via the LDO when the RTC clock is operating. When the external power supply stops supplying power, it automatically switches to the battery power supply. This will ensure that the RTC chip will work normally and extend battery life. The design of this circuit is:\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cu>Power switching circuit design\u003C/u> – According to the datasheet of the RX-8025T chip, the operating voltage range is 1.7V to 5.5V. The system power supply is 3.3V and the industrial battery ER14505 voltage is 3.6V. The forward conduction characteristic of the diode can automatically switch the system power. And the power supply status of the battery power, so that the RTC chip can maintain normal working conditions. Since the system power supply voltage is 3.3V and the battery voltage is 3.6V. If we use the system power supply, then the voltage after the system power supply passes through the diode is higher than the voltage after the battery passes through the diode so we can prioritize the system power supply. It can be seen by selecting two diodes with different tube voltage drops. The forward voltage of the diode SS14 is about 0.2V, and the forward voltage of the 1N4148 is about 0.7V. Then, connect an SS14 diode in series on the system power line, and we connect a 1N4148 diode in series on the battery power supply line; Thus, when externally supplied, the voltage value got by the system power supply after passing through SS14 is greater than the voltage value after the battery passes through 1N4148. It supplies the main power supply; When the external power supply stops supplying power, the circuit automatically switches to the battery power supply state.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cu>Voltage lag processing\u003C/u> – The ER14505 battery is a lithium thionyl chloride battery with a supply voltage of 3.6V and a capacity of 2700mAh; Its own capacity loss is small and negligible. With a standby current of 20uA, we can power the battery for about 15 years. However, in practical applications, it is seen that after the long-term power supply of the system power supply; the voltage is insufficient when the battery is suddenly switched to the battery power supply, resulting in an abnormality of the RTC clock. The root cause is that the battery is passivated. When the RTC chip is powered by the system power supply, the lithium battery is equivalent to an open circuit. If the battery is idle for a long time, it will generate a passivation film inside the battery, and when the lithium battery is powered, if the hysteresis voltage is lower than the clock chip. The operating voltage, then the clock chip will be completely “lossless”, the system clock will return to the initial time, causing the clock to work abnormally. To eliminate the effects of this phenomenon, we can eliminate this effect by adding a storage capacitor to the power supply of the clock chip.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cu>Control passivation film generation\u003C/u> – The passivation film of the battery is formed because the battery is left in an open state for a long time, so we can keep the battery in a small current discharge operation state, which can slow down the generation of the passivation film of the battery. By selecting the resistance value, the battery is in a discharged state. For example, it controls the discharge current at a standby current of about 20uA, so that the battery capacity suffices to support for about 15 years, and the passivation film is not too thick and the voltage lag causes it to complete RX-8025T. Power loss affects the normal operation of the RTC clock. When the system power supply, Q1 is turned on, and the battery BT1, R1 and Q1 form a loop to realize the discharge state of the battery; When the system power supply stops supplying power, Q1 ends, and the battery supplies power to the RTC chip U1 through D2. The measured self-discharge current of the clock chip and the internal resistance of the battery is about 8uA, then the resistance of the resistor R1 that we need to control is 3.6V/(20-8)uA=300kV/A.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cu>PCB design\u003C/u> – In the PCB layout, we should note that the I2C trace of the RX-8052T and the MCU should be as short as possible, and away from the high-frequency, high-current signal lines. The bypass capacitor should also be close to the power supply end of the RX-8025T, and increase the area of the ground copper to prevent interference.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ol>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C!-- clear for photos floats -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">","uploads/2019/10/PCF8563.jpg",412,"2026-04-22 14:40:08","what-should-we-do-if-the-rtc-clock-has-an-occasional-delay-or-timeout",1776841103920]