[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":77},["ShallowReactive",2],{"post-93b17a55cc82a4f5751":3,"recom-93b17a55cc82a4f5751":22},{"summary":4,"updateTime":5,"title":6,"cateName":7,"content":8,"tags":9,"cover":10,"createTime":11,"cateId":12,"isTop":13,"nickname":14,"siteId":15,"id":16,"isPage":13,"slug":17,"views":18,"status":19,"uid":16,"coverImageUrl":20,"createDate":21,"cate":12,"keywords":9},"Ten Daily Electronic Common Sense-Section-173 Looking for capacitors online purchase? is a reliable marketplace to buy and learn about capacitors. Come with us for amazing deals & information.",1776841320699,"Ten Daily Electronic Common Sense-Section-173","Tutorials","\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\">\u003Cimg fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"/uploads/2023/05/QQ图片20230328153543-650x303.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14745\" width=\"840\" height=\"392\" srcset=\"uploads/2023/05/QQ图片20230328153543-650x303.jpg 650w, uploads/2023/05/QQ图片20230328153543-400x186.jpg 400w, uploads/2023/05/QQ图片20230328153543-250x117.jpg 250w, uploads/2023/05/QQ图片20230328153543-768x358.jpg 768w, uploads/2023/05/QQ图片20230328153543-150x70.jpg 150w, uploads/2023/05/QQ图片20230328153543-800x373.jpg 800w, uploads/2023/05/QQ图片20230328153543.jpg 869w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" />\u003C/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>What are the main processes for making electronic labels?\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>Creating electronic labels (often known as e-labels) involves multiple processes. E-labels are most commonly associated with electronic paper (e-paper) displays, which are used in devices such as e-readers (like the Kindle) and certain smart labels.\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>Here’s a general overview of the main processes for making electronic labels:\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Col>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Material Preparation\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Electronic labels primarily use e-paper technology, which comprises microcapsules filled with both positively charged white particles and negatively charged black particles suspended in a clear fluid.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>When a certain electric field is applied, these particles will either rise to the surface or sink, producing white or black spots.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Substrate Preparation\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>A substrate, which acts as the base layer, is prepared. Typically, materials like plastic, glass, or flexible film are used for this purpose.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Electrode Fabrication\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Thin film transistors (TFT) are created on the substrate. These transistors will be responsible for applying the electric field that controls the e-paper particles.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Lamination of the E-paper Display\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>The e-paper material (with its microcapsules) is then laminated onto the substrate with the TFT layer. This could involve using adhesives or other methods of bonding.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Encapsulation\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>To protect the e-paper from environmental factors and ensure its durability, an encapsulation layer is added. This layer prevents air, moisture, and other contaminants from affecting the performance of the e-paper.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Integration with Electronics\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>The e-paper display is then integrated with the required electronic components. This might include a battery (if the label requires one), control electronics, sensors, etc.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Software and Firmware Development\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>For dynamic e-labels, you would require software that helps to change the content on the display. This could be a simple interface for changing price tags in retail or a more complex system for e-readers.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Testing and Quality Control\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Once the e-label is produced, it undergoes rigorous testing to ensure its performance, durability, and overall quality. This can involve testing its visibility under various lighting conditions, its energy consumption, and its durability under different environmental conditions.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Packaging and Distribution\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>After passing quality control, e-labels are packaged appropriately and then distributed to manufacturers, retailers, or end-users.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>While the above overview is a generalized process, specific details and additional steps can vary depending on the technology and specific use-case of the electronic label.\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>What is the cause of the nonlinearity of the input-output curve of the bridge?\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>In the context of electronic circuits, specifically bridge circuits, the nonlinearity of the input-output curve is often caused by a combination of factors, including component characteristics, circuit design, and operating conditions. Let’s focus on the Wheatstone bridge as an example to explain the potential causes of nonlinearity in its input-output curve.\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>The Wheatstone bridge is a common circuit used for measuring resistance changes, such as in strain gauges or sensors. It consists of a balanced bridge of resistors connected in such a way that when the bridge is balanced (the ratio of resistances is appropriate), the output voltage is ideally zero. Here are some causes of nonlinearity in the input-output curve of a Wheatstone bridge:\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Col>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Nonlinear Component Characteristics\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Components like resistors, strain gauges, and sensors might exhibit nonlinear behavior as their values change. For instance, a strain gauge might not show a linear resistance change with applied strain, especially at extreme values.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Temperature Effects\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Many components, including resistors and sensors, are sensitive to temperature changes. Temperature variations can lead to changes in resistance that are not linearly proportional, causing deviations from expected linear behavior.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Saturation and Limiting\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Active components (like operational amplifiers) in the bridge might operate in non-linear regions when the input signal is too large. This can cause distortion and nonlinearity in the output.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Hysteresis\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Some components can exhibit hysteresis, where the output does not follow the same path when the input is increasing compared to when it is decreasing. This can lead to nonlinearity in the input-output relationship.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Imperfect Component Matching\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Precise matching of component values is necessary for a Wheatstone bridge to be perfectly balanced. Inaccuracies in component values can introduce nonlinearity.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Signal Conditioning\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>The amplification and conditioning of the signal, which often involves operational amplifiers or other active components, can introduce nonlinear effects if not designed and calibrated properly.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Noise and Interference\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Noise and interference in the circuit can distort the signal and introduce nonlinearity, particularly in sensitive measurement applications.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Mechanical Strain and Deformation\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>In strain gauge applications, if the deformation of the material being measured does not result in a linear change in resistance, the bridge’s output might exhibit nonlinearity.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>To address and minimize these nonlinearity factors, circuit designers employ techniques such as calibration, compensation, linearization algorithms, and careful component selection. These measures aim to mitigate the impact of nonlinearity and enhance the accuracy and reliability of the bridge’s output.\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>What content is user management related to?\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>User management is related to the administration and control of user accounts and access rights within a system, application, or platform. It involves tasks and processes associated with creating, managing, modifying, and deleting user accounts, as well as defining and enforcing user roles, permissions, and security settings. User management is crucial for maintaining the security, usability, and efficiency of digital systems, especially those that involve multiple users with varying levels of access.\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>Here are some key aspects and content areas related to user management:\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Col>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>User Accounts\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Creation: Adding new users to the system with appropriate credentials.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>Modification: Updating user information, such as names, contact details, and preferences.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>Deactivation/Deletion: Disabling or removing user accounts when they are no longer needed.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Authentication and Authorization\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Authentication: Verifying users’ identities through methods like passwords, biometrics, or multi-factor authentication.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>Authorization: Assigning roles, permissions, and access rights to users based on their roles and responsibilities.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Roles and Permissions\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Assigning users to predefined roles with associated permissions.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>Permission Management: Defining and assigning specific permissions that determine what actions users can perform within the system.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Access Control\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Restricting access to specific functionalities or data based on user roles and permissions.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>Implementing access policies to ensure that users can only access resources they are authorized to use.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>User Profiles and Preferences\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Allowing users to customize their profiles, settings, and preferences within the system.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>Providing options for users to update their contact information, language preferences, and other personalized settings.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Password Management\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Enforcing password policies such as complexity requirements, expiration intervals, and password history.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>Allowing users to reset their passwords securely.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Auditing and Monitoring\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Tracking user activities and logins for security and compliance purposes.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>Generating audit trails and reports to review user actions and access history.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>User Onboarding and Offboarding\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Providing a smooth process for new users to register and start using the system.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>Ensuring that departing users’ accounts are properly deactivated or deleted and that sensitive data is appropriately managed.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Security and Compliance\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Implementing security measures to protect user data and prevent unauthorized access.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>Ensuring compliance with relevant regulations and standards related to user data and access control.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>User management is essential in various contexts, including operating systems, web applications, databases, content management systems, and cloud services, among others. Effective user management enhances system security, user experience, and the overall functionality of digital platforms.\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>What is a microprocessor?\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>A microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) that serves as the “brain” of a digital device or computer system. It is a small integrated circuit that performs the basic arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output (I/O) operations of a computer. Microprocessors are found in a wide range of electronic devices, from personal computers and smartphones to embedded systems, appliances, and more.\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>Key characteristics and functions of a microprocessor include:\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Col>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Processing Logic\u003C/strong>: A microprocessor executes instructions that are stored in memory. These instructions perform tasks such as mathematical calculations, logical comparisons, and data manipulation.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Clock Speed\u003C/strong>: Microprocessors operate at a specific clock speed, which determines how many instructions they can execute per second. Faster clock speeds generally result in higher performance, but other factors like architecture and efficiency also play a role.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)\u003C/strong>: The microprocessor’s ISA defines the set of instructions it can execute, including arithmetic, logic, memory access, and control operations.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Control Unit\u003C/strong>: The control unit within the microprocessor manages the sequence of instructions, fetching them from memory, decoding them, and executing them in the proper order.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)\u003C/strong>: The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT) as required by the instructions.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Registers\u003C/strong>: Microprocessors have small, high-speed memory locations called registers that store data temporarily during processing. They allow for quick access to data needed for calculations and operations.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Cache Memory\u003C/strong>: Modern microprocessors often have cache memory, which is a small but extremely fast memory that stores frequently used instructions and data to speed up processing.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Pipeline Processing\u003C/strong>: Some microprocessors use a pipeline processing approach to improve efficiency by breaking down instruction execution into stages that can overlap.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>I/O Interfaces\u003C/strong>: Microprocessors communicate with other components and devices through input/output interfaces. These interfaces allow for interactions with peripherals like keyboards, displays, storage devices, and more.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Multi-Core Processors\u003C/strong>: Many modern microprocessors have multiple cores, allowing them to execute multiple tasks simultaneously. This enhances multitasking and overall system performance.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>Microprocessors come in various architectures, such as x86, ARM, RISC-V, and more. Different architectures are optimized for different types of applications, ranging from general-purpose computing to specialized tasks like embedded systems or high-performance computing.\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>Microprocessors have played a pivotal role in the advancement of computing technology, enabling the development of more powerful, efficient, and versatile electronic devices across a wide spectrum of industries.\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Electronic systems are showing an increasingly digital trend, with digital circuits and digital processing almost everywhere.What is the main reason?\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>The main reason for the increasing digital trend in electronic systems lies in the numerous advantages that digital circuits and digital processing offer over their analog counterparts. This shift toward digital technology has been driven by several factors, each contributing to the widespread adoption of digital systems:\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Col>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Signal Integrity and Noise Immunity\u003C/strong>: Digital signals are less susceptible to noise and interference compared to analog signals. Digital circuits can distinguish between discrete voltage levels, making them more resistant to degradation during transmission and allowing for more reliable data communication.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Robustness and Stability\u003C/strong>: Digital systems are more stable over time and variations in environmental conditions. Analog systems are often sensitive to factors like temperature changes, component aging, and manufacturing variations, which can lead to drift and instability.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Error Correction and Data Integrity\u003C/strong>: Digital data can be encoded with error-detection and error-correction codes, enhancing the ability to detect and correct errors during transmission. This ensures higher data integrity and more accurate results.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Miniaturization and Integration\u003C/strong>: Digital components, such as transistors, can be fabricated on a smaller scale and integrated densely on a single chip using techniques like complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. This allows for the creation of complex systems in compact form factors.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Flexibility and Programmability\u003C/strong>: Digital systems can be reconfigured and programmed to perform different tasks by changing the software or firmware running on them. This flexibility makes them adaptable to a wide range of applications without needing hardware modifications.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Efficiency and Energy Consumption\u003C/strong>: Digital circuits tend to be more energy-efficient than their analog counterparts, especially when idle. They can switch between active and standby states more effectively, conserving energy.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Ease of Signal Processing\u003C/strong>: Digital signals can be processed using well-established algorithms and techniques, allowing for sophisticated manipulation, analysis, and filtering. This is particularly advantageous in applications such as image and audio processing.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Compatibility and Interoperability\u003C/strong>: The binary nature of digital signals makes them universally compatible and easily translatable between different systems, regardless of the specific implementation details.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Mass Production and Cost Reduction\u003C/strong>: Digital components and integrated circuits can be mass-produced using standardized processes, leading to cost reductions due to economies of scale.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Advancements in Technology\u003C/strong>: The ongoing advancement of semiconductor technology and manufacturing processes has made it more feasible and cost-effective to produce complex digital systems.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>While the shift toward digital technology offers numerous benefits, there are still cases where analog systems excel, especially in applications that require high precision, continuous signals, or extremely low power consumption. However, the advantages of digital systems in terms of reliability, versatility, and ease of design have led to their widespread adoption across a vast array of industries and applications.\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>What are the working principles of the two-hop transmission algorithm?\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>The two-hop transmission algorithm is a wireless communication technique that involves relaying data between two nodes using an intermediary node. This technique is often used to extend the communication range in wireless networks and improve the overall network performance. The working principles of the two-hop transmission algorithm can be explained as follows:\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Col>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Initialization\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>The wireless network consists of three nodes: Node A (source), Node B (intermediary), and Node C (destination).\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>Node A wants to communicate with Node C, but the direct communication range between Node A and Node C might be limited.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Node A to Node B Transmission\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Node A initiates communication by transmitting data to Node B. Since Node B is within the communication range of Node A, this direct link ensures reliable transmission.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>Node B receives the data from Node A and buffers it.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Relaying the Data\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Node B, which serves as an intermediary or relay node, then retransmits the received data to Node C.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>This relayed transmission is critical because Node C might be beyond the direct communication range of Node A due to distance or obstacles.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Node B to Node C Transmission\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Node B transmits the buffered data to Node C using a separate wireless link.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>Node C receives the data from Node B.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Data Delivery to Destination\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>Node C has successfully received the data from Node A, and the two-hop transmission is complete.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>The key advantages of the two-hop transmission algorithm include:\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Extended Range\u003C/strong>: By relaying data through an intermediary node, the algorithm effectively extends the communication range between the source and destination nodes.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Improved Reliability\u003C/strong>: The algorithm can enhance reliability by using multiple hops to overcome obstacles, interference, or weak signal conditions that might hinder direct communication.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Efficiency in Power and Resources\u003C/strong>: In some cases, using a relay node might be more power-efficient than trying to transmit directly over a longer distance, especially if long-range communication consumes more energy.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Flexibility\u003C/strong>: The network topology can be optimized by strategically placing relay nodes to ensure better connectivity and coverage.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>However, it’s important to note that the two-hop transmission algorithm also introduces additional latency due to the extra hop required for data relay. Additionally, the selection of relay nodes and the coordination of transmissions need to be managed to avoid interference and congestion in the wireless network.\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>This algorithm is one of the many techniques used in wireless communication systems to enhance coverage, reliability, and overall network performance, especially in scenarios where direct communication between the source and destination nodes is challenging or impractical.\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>How to start the timer?\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>The initial value is written to the TCNTBn register and the TCMPBn register; the manual update bit of the corresponding timer is set.Regardless of whether the reversal function (also called the inverting function) is used, it is recommended to set the reversal bit on/off; set the start bit of the corresponding timer to start the timer and clear the manual update bit.\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>What are the advantages of the CSUE communication network system over the currently approved underground mine communication system?\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>• The CSUE network can be configured as a redundant mesh to provide ground-to-ground communication (eg, due to top collapse) even when the repeater fails or the repeater loses connectivity.\u003Cbr>• After the power is removed, the battery backup communication relay will maintain the underground network function for hours or even days (depending on specific requirements).\u003Cbr>• With fire, collapse, explosion, etc., after detecting a faulty and failed repeater, information on the location of the emergency can be quickly provided.\u003Cbr>• The CSUE network can be programmed to provide location information for the terminal miners to the ground.The data of the miner’s approximate distance to the nearest repeater can be displayed in near real time.\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>How is the network structured in LTE technology?\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a wireless communication technology that represents a major evolution in cellular networks, providing high data rates, improved spectral efficiency, and lower latency. The network structure in LTE is organized in a hierarchical manner and includes various components to facilitate efficient communication. Here’s an overview of the LTE network structure:\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Col>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>User Equipment (UE)\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>The user equipment refers to the devices used by end-users, such as smartphones, tablets, and modems. UEs communicate with the LTE network to access data and services.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Evolved NodeB (eNodeB)\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>The eNodeB, often referred to as the base station or cell site, is a critical component in the LTE network. It connects to UEs and manages radio resources, including handovers between cells.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>eNodeBs are responsible for transmitting and receiving radio signals, managing radio resources, and controlling handovers between cells.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>E-UTRAN is the collective term for all eNodeBs and their components. It includes multiple eNodeBs that cover a specific geographical area.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>E-UTRAN manages radio access and handles functions like mobility management, radio resource management, and handovers.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Evolved Packet Core (EPC)\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>The EPC is the core network of LTE, responsible for managing the overall network and handling data traffic. It comprises several key components:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Mobility Management Entity (MME)\u003C/strong>: Responsible for tracking user locations, security management, and handover coordination.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Serving Gateway (SGW)\u003C/strong>: Routes data packets between the UE and the PDN Gateway.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW)\u003C/strong>: Connects the LTE network to external packet-switched networks, like the Internet.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Home Subscriber Server (HSS)\u003C/strong>: Stores subscriber information and profiles.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)\u003C/strong>: Manages policy enforcement and charging functions for subscribers.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Non-Access Stratum (NAS)\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>The NAS is responsible for controlling signaling between the UE and the EPC. It handles mobility, authentication, security, and other control plane functions.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>User Plane and Control Plane\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>LTE architecture separates the user plane (data traffic) and the control plane (signaling). This separation enhances efficiency and scalability.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>LTE Bands and Frequency Divisions\u003C/strong>:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>LTE operates on a range of frequency bands, and each band is divided into multiple frequency blocks. This division accommodates various operators and allows for efficient spectrum usage.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>Overall, LTE’s network structure is designed to provide efficient, high-speed data communication while maintaining seamless mobility, robust security, and scalability. It forms the basis for the more advanced 4G and 5G cellular technologies that have followed.\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>What are the classifications of RFID systems according to their working methods?\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems can be classified into different categories based on their working methods. The two main classifications of RFID systems are:\u003C/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Col>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Active RFID Systems\u003C/strong>: Active RFID systems involve tags that have their own power source, typically a battery. These tags actively transmit signals and can communicate with readers over longer distances compared to passive tags. Active RFID systems are often used for tracking high-value assets, monitoring real-time location, and enabling more complex applications. There are two main subcategories of active RFID systems:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP) RFID\u003C/strong>: These tags have a small battery that assists in extending their read range and performance. The battery is primarily used for powering the tag during communication with the reader. The tag may be dormant until it is activated by a reader’s signal.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Fully Active RFID\u003C/strong>: These tags have a dedicated power source that allows them to transmit signals independently over longer distances. They can support more features, such as sensor data collection and real-time tracking.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Passive RFID Systems\u003C/strong>: Passive RFID systems consist of tags that do not have their own power source. Instead, they rely on energy harvested from the signal sent by the reader. These tags are simpler and less expensive than active tags, but they have shorter read ranges. Passive RFID systems are commonly used for applications like inventory management, access control, and supply chain tracking. Passive RFID systems can be further categorized into two subcategories:\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Low-Frequency (LF) Passive RFID\u003C/strong>: LF systems typically operate in the frequency range of 125 kHz to 134 kHz. They offer shorter read ranges but are less affected by interference from liquids and metals.\u003C/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>High-Frequency (HF) and Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Passive RFID\u003C/strong>: HF operates around 13.56 MHz, and UHF operates around 860-960 MHz. UHF systems generally offer longer read ranges and faster data transfer rates than HF systems. UHF RFID is commonly used in supply chain management and asset tracking.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003Cp>Each of these classifications caters to different use cases and application requirements. Active RFID systems are suitable for scenarios requiring longer communication distances and real-time tracking, while passive RFID systems are often used for cost-effective item tracking, identification, and data collection.\u003C/p>","Electronic","uploads/2023/05/QQ图片20230328153543-650x303.jpg",1776793309000,"20db6653d7e85fded62",0,"Admin","2028706543895019522","93b17a55cc82a4f5751","ten-daily-electronic-common-sense-section-173",209,1,"/uploads/2023/05/QQ图片20230328153543-650x303.jpg","Apr 22, 2026",[23,33,42,50,60,69],{"id":24,"title":25,"summary":26,"content":27,"cover":28,"cateId":12,"tags":28,"views":29,"isTop":13,"status":19,"createBy":28,"createTime":30,"updateBy":28,"updateTime":31,"institutionId":28,"isPage":13,"images":28,"horizontalCover":28,"verticalCover":28,"slug":32,"siteId":15},"c047d1a580d380475ed","What are the development tools for supporting 2802x-based applications?","What are the development tools for supporting 2802x-based applications? Looking for capacitors online purchase? is a reliable marketplace to buy and learn about capacitors. Come with us for amazing deals & information.","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva; font-size: 12pt;\">\u003Cspan style=\"color: #c70a0a;\">*\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080;\">Question\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"1136\">What are the development tools for supporting 2802x-based applications?\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cspan style=\"color: #c70a0a;\">\u003Cbr />\r\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">*\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 12pt;\"> Answer\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: inherit;\">● CodeComposerStudi0 integrated development environment IDE – c / c compiler A code generation tool An assembler / linker One cycle accurate simulator \u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: inherit;\">● Application algorithm · \u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C!-- clear for photos floats -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">",null,238,"2026-04-22 01:44:14","2026-04-22 14:58:27","what-are-the-development-tools-for-supporting-2802x-based-applications",{"id":34,"title":35,"summary":36,"content":37,"cover":28,"cateId":12,"tags":38,"views":39,"isTop":13,"status":19,"createBy":28,"createTime":40,"updateBy":28,"updateTime":31,"institutionId":28,"isPage":13,"images":28,"horizontalCover":28,"verticalCover":28,"slug":41,"siteId":15},"6d16643f4061eb43174","What is the thermocouple sensor made of?","What is the thermocouple sensor made of? Looking for capacitors online purchase? is a reliable marketplace to buy and learn about capacitors. Come with us for amazing deals & information.","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva; font-size: 12pt;\">\u003Cspan style=\"color: #c70a0a;\">*\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080;\">Question\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"1136\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">What is the thermocouple sensor made of?\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cspan style=\"color: #c70a0a;\">\u003Cbr />\r\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">*\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 12pt;\"> Answer\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"1136\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: trebuchet-ms;\">A thermocouple sensor is a thermal sensor that uses thermoelectric phenomena.\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u003Cbr />\r\n\u003C/span>\u003C/p>","sensor",229,"2026-04-22 01:43:58","what-is-the-thermocouple-sensor-made-of",{"id":43,"title":44,"summary":45,"content":46,"cover":28,"cateId":12,"tags":47,"views":48,"isTop":13,"status":19,"createBy":28,"createTime":40,"updateBy":28,"updateTime":31,"institutionId":28,"isPage":13,"images":28,"horizontalCover":28,"verticalCover":28,"slug":49,"siteId":15},"61750966158705a45ac","What is the goal of software design for terminal nodes?","What is the goal of software design for terminal nodes? Looking for capacitors online purchase? is a reliable marketplace to buy and learn about capacitors. Come with us for amazing deals & information.","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva; font-size: 12pt;\">\u003Cspan style=\"color: #c70a0a;\">*\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080;\">Question\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"1136\">What is the goal of software design for terminal nodes?\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cspan style=\"color: #c70a0a;\">\u003Cbr />\r\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">*\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 12pt;\"> Answer\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"1136\">Data acquisition of analog input and digital input through C language, that is, collecting parameters from electrical equipment in power grid and substation, and classifying data to master the operation status of the substation and the status of electrical equipment in the station;The command, the jump switch, to achieve the purpose of monitoring and control.\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u003Cbr />\r\n\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C!-- clear for photos floats -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">","design,terminal",224,"what-is-the-goal-of-software-design-for-terminal-nodes",{"id":51,"title":52,"summary":53,"content":54,"cover":55,"cateId":12,"tags":28,"views":56,"isTop":13,"status":19,"createBy":28,"createTime":57,"updateBy":28,"updateTime":58,"institutionId":28,"isPage":13,"images":28,"horizontalCover":28,"verticalCover":28,"slug":59,"siteId":15},"a39a5d8553e41a5005a","Template Analysis Method For EMC Problems","Template Analysis Method For EMC Problems Looking for capacitors online purchase? is a reliable marketplace to buy and learn about capacitors. Come with us for amazing deals & information.","\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"198\">\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cdiv id=\"attachment_5001\" style=\"width: 265px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5001\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-5001\" src=\"uploads/2019/10/Forms-of-electromagnetic-interference-400x224.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"255\" height=\"143\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/10/Forms-of-electromagnetic-interference-400x224.jpg 400w, uploads/2019/10/Forms-of-electromagnetic-interference-250x140.jpg 250w, uploads/2019/10/Forms-of-electromagnetic-interference-150x84.jpg 150w, uploads/2019/10/Forms-of-electromagnetic-interference.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 255px) 100vw, 255px\" />\u003Cp id=\"caption-attachment-5001\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The form of electromagnetic interference\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/div>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"425\">\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cdiv id=\"attachment_5004\" style=\"width: 376px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\u003Cimg fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5004\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-5004\" src=\"uploads/2019/10/The-main-form-of-electromagnetic-interference-400x182.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"366\" height=\"166\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/10/The-main-form-of-electromagnetic-interference-400x182.jpg 400w, uploads/2019/10/The-main-form-of-electromagnetic-interference-250x114.jpg 250w, uploads/2019/10/The-main-form-of-electromagnetic-interference-150x68.jpg 150w, uploads/2019/10/The-main-form-of-electromagnetic-interference.jpg 562w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 366px) 100vw, 366px\" />\u003Cp id=\"caption-attachment-5004\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The main form of electromagnetic interference\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/div>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The electromagnetic interference problem is a key issue in any hardware design field. It is especially important to understand the initial dry electromagnetic interference problem to solve this problem.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cstrong>The electromagnetic interference model has three basic elements:\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Col>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">There is electromagnetic interference energy.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">There is a device that is subject to electromagnetic interference.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">There is a coupling channel to transmit electromagnetic energy between the interfered and interfered devices.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ol>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Electromagnetic interference only occurs when these three basic elements are met at the same time. EMC engineers should determine the EMC design content and design direction based on the physical structure.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The EMC analysis template is determined by the electrical length of the structure. Converting the physical dimensions of the device structure to electrical length is the starting point for design and problem finding. The combination and connection of templates constitute a model for analyzing electromagnetic compatibility problems. The template analysis method is to select the appropriate template and electromagnetic logic connection according to the actual problem and structure to form a dynamic process of complete electromagnetic interference phenomenon.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The EMC design of printed circuit boards is the cheapest and most effective way to eliminate the main sources of RF interference. When the interference source on the printed circuit board and the victim device exist in the same small space, the engineer must control the electromagnetic energy generated. This means that electromagnetic energy is only present at the required assembly parts. This is the method of removing EMC problems, electromagnetic suppression or electromagnetic cancellation.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C!-- clear for photos floats -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">","uploads/2019/10/Forms-of-electromagnetic-interference-400x224.jpg",498,"2026-04-22 01:43:54","2026-04-22 14:58:28","template-analysis-method-for-emc-problems",{"id":61,"title":62,"summary":63,"content":64,"cover":65,"cateId":12,"tags":28,"views":66,"isTop":13,"status":19,"createBy":28,"createTime":67,"updateBy":28,"updateTime":58,"institutionId":28,"isPage":13,"images":28,"horizontalCover":28,"verticalCover":28,"slug":68,"siteId":15},"86325bcdfe62f25cc0b","Judgment Method of Three Types of Amplifiers","Judgment Method of Three Types of Amplifiers Looking for capacitors online purchase? is a reliable marketplace to buy and learn about capacitors. Come with us for amazing deals & information.","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Triode based audio and electronic amplifiers are very commonly found in many walks of life. Although, the transistor based amplifiers created the danger of obsolescence of tube amplifiers, the tube amplifiers have succeeded in maintaining a cult following amongst the audiophiles. The main reason behind this is the warm and crunchy sound response of tube amplifiers.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The main component in tube amplifiers is the triode. Triode is essentially an amplifying vacuum tube which consists of three electrodes inside a glass casing. The electrodes are known as anode, cathode, and grid respectively. Triodes were widely used in all types of electronic circuits until they got replaced by transistors. [\u003Ca href=\"#Lee19\">1\u003C/a>]\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">According to the electronic circuit configuration, there are three main types of amplifiers. These types include common emitter, common collector, and common base amplifiers. Following sub-sections provide an ample discussion on these amplifier types.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cdiv id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_69_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\">\u003Ca href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\">\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\">\u003Cspan class=\"\">\u003Cspan class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\">\u003Csvg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\">\u003C/path>\u003C/svg>\u003Csvg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\">\u003Cpath d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"/>\u003C/svg>\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cnav>\u003Cul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' >\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"#Common_Emitter_Amplifier\" title=\"Common Emitter Amplifier\">Common Emitter Amplifier\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"#Common_Collector_Amplifier\" title=\"Common Collector Amplifier\">Common Collector Amplifier\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"#Common_Base_Amplifier\" title=\"Common Base Amplifier\">Common Base Amplifier\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"#Works_Cited\" title=\"Works Cited\">Works Cited\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003C/nav>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Emitter_Amplifier\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Common Emitter Amplifier\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Common emitter amplifiers are the most widely used type of amplifiers. Common emitter amplifiers can be identified easily by the grounded emitter terminal. Like all other amplifiers, the CE amplifier also operates on an AC input. The common emitter amplifier is a single-stage amplifier which uses a BJT transistor or a triode as an amplifying element. The circuit of common emitter amplifier is given as following:\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cdiv id=\"attachment_4685\" style=\"width: 670px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\u003Cimg fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4685\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-4685\" src=\"uploads/2019/09/Figure-1-Common-Emitter-Amplifier-Circuit.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"660\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/09/Figure-1-Common-Emitter-Amplifier-Circuit.jpg 387w, uploads/2019/09/Figure-1-Common-Emitter-Amplifier-Circuit-250x194.jpg 250w, uploads/2019/09/Figure-1-Common-Emitter-Amplifier-Circuit-150x116.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" />\u003Cp id=\"caption-attachment-4685\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Figure 1: Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Ca href=\"https://www.elprocus.com/common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-working/\">https://www.elprocus.com/common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-working/\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The resistors R1 and R2 form a voltage divider circuit which is used for biasing the transistor. The resistor R\u003Csub>E \u003C/sub>provides thermal stability to the amplifier. A coupling capacitor is present on the input side of the transistor which filters out DC component from the signal. [\u003Ca href=\"#Tar19\">2\u003C/a>]\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Major advantages of common emitter amplifier include low input impedance, high output impedance, high power gain, low noise, and high current gain. Main disadvantages of common emitter amplifier include unsuitability for high frequencies, unstable voltage gain, high thermal instability, and high output resistance. The CE amplifiers find their applications in low frequency voltage amplifiers, RF circuits, and low noise amplifiers. [\u003Ca href=\"#Tar19\">2\u003C/a>]\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Collector_Amplifier\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Common Collector Amplifier\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The common collector amplifier can be identified from the grounded collector terminal of the triode or the transistor. The common collector amplifiers are mostly used as buffers in multi-stage amplifier circuits. The CC amplifier circuit is given as following:\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cdiv id=\"attachment_4686\" style=\"width: 633px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4686\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-4686\" src=\"uploads/2019/09/Figure-2-Common-Collector-Amplifier-or-Emitter-Follower-Circuit.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"623\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/09/Figure-2-Common-Collector-Amplifier-or-Emitter-Follower-Circuit.jpg 329w, uploads/2019/09/Figure-2-Common-Collector-Amplifier-or-Emitter-Follower-Circuit-250x204.jpg 250w, uploads/2019/09/Figure-2-Common-Collector-Amplifier-or-Emitter-Follower-Circuit-150x123.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px\" />\u003Cp id=\"caption-attachment-4686\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Figure 2 Common Collector Amplifier or Emitter Follower Circuit\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\"> \u003Ca href=\"https://www.elprocus.com/common-collector-amplifier-circuit-working/\">https://www.elprocus.com/common-collector-amplifier-circuit-working/\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The input signal is introduced via the base of the triode whereas the output is taken from the emitter terminal. The main advantages of CC amplifier include high current gain, high input resistance, and low output resistance. The disadvantages of CC amplifier include low voltage gain. The CC amplifiers find their applications as impedance matching amplifiers, isolation amplifiers, and buffer amplifiers in cascade or multi-stage amplifier systems. [\u003Ca href=\"#Dav19\">3\u003C/a>]\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Base_Amplifier\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Common Base Amplifier\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The common base amplifier configuration is not as widely used as the CE and CC amplifiers. They are mostly used in high frequency circuits. In a common base amplifier the base terminal of the triode is connected to the ground, the input signal is applied to the emitter, and the output is taken from the collector terminal. The circuit diagram of the CB amplifier is given as following:\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cdiv id=\"attachment_4687\" style=\"width: 688px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4687\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-4687\" src=\"uploads/2019/09/Figure-3-Common-Base-Amplifier-using-an-NPN-Transistor.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"678\" height=\"835\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/09/Figure-3-Common-Base-Amplifier-using-an-NPN-Transistor.png 194w, uploads/2019/09/Figure-3-Common-Base-Amplifier-using-an-NPN-Transistor-150x185.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 678px) 100vw, 678px\" />\u003Cp id=\"caption-attachment-4687\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Figure 3 Common Base Amplifier using an NPN Transistor\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Ca href=\"https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/amplifier/common-base-amplifier.html\">https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/amplifier/common-base-amplifier.html\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The CB amplifiers are used in high frequency circuits where low input impedance is required. They are used in applications such as moving coil microphone pre-amplifiers, UHF, VHF, and RF amplifiers. The advantages of CB amplifier include decent voltage gain and current buffering capability. The disadvantages include need for dual power supply, low input impedance, low current gain, and high output impedance. [\u003Ca href=\"#www19\">4\u003C/a>]\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Works_Cited\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Works Cited\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\r\n\u003Ctable width=\"630\">\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"18\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">[1]\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"606\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Lee Forest. (2019, August) www.allaboutcircuits.com. [Online]. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semiconductors/chpt-13/the-triode/\">https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semiconductors/chpt-13/the-triode/\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"18\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">[2]\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"606\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Tarun Agarwal. (2019, June) www.elprocus.com. [Online]. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.elprocus.com/common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-working/\">https://www.elprocus.com/common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-working/\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"18\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">[3]\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"606\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Dave Moldenhauer. (2019, March) www.watelectrical.com. [Online]. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.watelectrical.com/working-and-applications-of-common-collector-amplifier/\">https://www.watelectrical.com/working-and-applications-of-common-collector-amplifier/\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"18\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">[4]\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"606\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">(2019, August) www.electronics-notes.com. [Online]. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/transistor/transistor-common-base-circuit.php\">https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/transistor/transistor-common-base-circuit.php\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C!-- clear for photos floats -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">","uploads/2019/09/Figure-1-Common-Emitter-Amplifier-Circuit.jpg",56,"2026-04-22 01:43:51","judgment-method-of-three-types-of-amplifiers",{"id":70,"title":71,"summary":72,"content":73,"cover":74,"cateId":12,"tags":28,"views":75,"isTop":13,"status":19,"createBy":28,"createTime":67,"updateBy":28,"updateTime":31,"institutionId":28,"isPage":13,"images":28,"horizontalCover":28,"verticalCover":28,"slug":76,"siteId":15},"4e90914c43b2a6a4366","Precautions for using MOS (Metal-Oxide-Silicon transistor) tubes","Precautions for using MOS (Metal-Oxide-Silicon transistor) tubes Looking for capacitors online purchase? is a reliable marketplace to buy and learn about capacitors. Come with us for amazing deals & information.","\u003Cdiv id=\"attachment_4675\" style=\"width: 388px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\u003Cimg fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4675\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-4675\" src=\"uploads/2019/09/MOS-tube.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"378\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/09/MOS-tube.jpg 225w, uploads/2019/09/MOS-tube-150x150.jpg 150w, uploads/2019/09/MOS-tube-24x24.jpg 24w, uploads/2019/09/MOS-tube-48x48.jpg 48w, uploads/2019/09/MOS-tube-96x96.jpg 96w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\" />\u003Cp id=\"caption-attachment-4675\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">MOS tube\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">A MOS transistor (also known as metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) is electrically conductive by a majority of carriers’ and it is a voltage controlled electrical device. It is also called a unipolar transistor. It has three main terminals; Gate (G), Drain (D) and Source (S). The Gate voltage determines the conductivity of the device and with change of applied voltage; the MOS transistor can be used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. Its characteristics are; high input resistance (10^7~10^12Ω), low noise, low power consumption, large dynamic range, easy integration, no secondary breakdown, wide safe working area, source and drain can be interchanged, it is voltage controlled device and conduction takes place through majority carriers (n-channel: electrons and p-channel: holes).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">All MOS integrated circuits (including P-channel MOS, N-channel MOS, complementary MOS-CMOS integrated circuits) have an insulated gate to prevent voltage breakdown. Generally, the thickness of insulating Gate oxide layer of MOS transistor is 5 – 200 nm (about 25 nm, 50 nm, and 80 nm). In addition to the high-impedance gate of the integrated circuit, there is a resistor-diode network for protection. However, MOS devices are sensitive to voltage spikes and static electricity discharges and this can cause difficulties when we have to replace MOS devices especially complementary-symmetry metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices. Therefore, the protection network inside the device is not enough to avoid electrostatic damage (ESD) to the device. To minimize chances of damaging MOS devices during handling, special procedures have been developed to protect them from static shock. ICs are generally shipped and stored in special conductive-plastic tubes or trays. MOS devices safety is ensured by inserting ICs leas into aluminium foil or antistatic (conductive) foam – not Styrofoam. PC boards containing static sensitive devices are normally shipped in special antistatic bags, which are good for storing ICs and other computer components that could be damaged by ESD.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Experiments indicate that MOS device will fail during high-voltage discharge. The device may also fail for accumulation of multiple lower voltage discharges. According to the severity of the damage, there are many forms of electrostatic damage. The most serious and most likely to occur is the complete destruction of the input or output so as to be short-circuited or open to the power supply terminal VDD, and MOS device completely loses its original function. A little bit of serious damage is intermittent failure or degradation of performance, which is even more difficult to detect. There is also some electrostatic damage that can cause the device performance to deteriorate due to increased leakage current.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cstrong>MOS tube definition\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">MOS tube is a MOS transistor or a metal-insulator-semiconductor. The source (S) and drain (D) of MOS tube can be reversed. They are all N-type regions formed in the P-type backgate. And in most cases, the two zones are same even if two ends are reversed. And it will not affect performance of the device. Such devices are considered to be symmetrical. MOS tube is a voltage-driven high-current type device, which is widely used in circuits, especially power systems. MOS tubes have some characteristics that should be paid special attention in practical applications.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">MOS devices have body diodes formed by pn junction between source (S) and drain (D), and also known as parasitic diodes or an internal diode, are found in a single MOS device between the drain and the source. They are not used in integrated circuit lithography (standard method of printed circuit board (PCB), and microprocessor fabrication). This diode can provide reverse protection and freewheeling during high current drive and inductive loads. The forward voltage drop is about 0.7~1V. Because of this diode, the MOS device can’t simply see the function of a switch in the circuit. For example, in the charging circuit, after the charging is completed, the battery will reverse when the supply power is removed; this is usually the result we do not want to see. The general solution is to add a diode to prevent reverse power supply. This can be done, but the characteristics of the diode must have a forward voltage of 0.6~1V. Down, in the case of high currents, the heat is severe, and at the same time, the energy is wasted, and the energy efficiency of the whole machine is low. Another method is to add a back-to-back MOS tube and use the low on-resistance of the MOS tube to achieve energy saving. Another common application of this characteristic is low-voltage synchronous rectification. In practice, the body diode is a result of manufacturing process, and it is in between the source and drain and on an n-channel device, if the drains fall below voltage on the source, current will flow from source to drain.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cstrong>Precautions\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">After the MOS tube is turned on, it has no directionality and in this state of operation, it behaves like a wire. It has a resistance characteristic only and there is no conduction voltage drop in this case. Usually, the saturation level on resistance is several to several tens of milliohms (mΩ). MOS tube is also non-directional therefore allowing both DC and AC currents to pass through.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cstrong>Precautions for using MOS tubes\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">In order to safely use the MOS tube, the limit value of the dissipated power of the tube, the maximum drain-source voltage, the maximum gate-source voltage, and the maximum current set values cannot be exceeded in the manufacturing design.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">When using various types of MOS tubes, they must be connected to the circuit in strict accordance with the required bias, and the polarity of the MOS tube bias should be observed. For example, the junction between the source and drain of the junction MOS transistor is a PN junction, the gate of the N-channel transistor can be positively biased; the gate of the P-channel transistor can be negatively biased.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">Since the input impedance of the MOS tube is extremely high, the lead pin must be short-circuited during transportation and storage, and the metal shield package should be used to prevent the external induced potential from penetrating the gate. In particular, it is important to note that the MOS tube cannot be placed in a plastic box. It should be placed in a metal box e.g aluminium foil when it is stored, and the tube should be protected from moisture.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">In order to prevent the gate breakdown of the MOS tube, all test instruments, worktables, soldering irons, and the circuit itself must be well grounded; when the pins are soldered, the source is soldered first; before being connected to the circuit, All the lead ends of MOS tube are kept short-circuited with each other, and the short-circuit material is removed after soldering; when removing MOS tube from the component holder, the grounding of the human body should be adhered to. The advanced gas-fired electric soldering iron is convenient for soldering MOS tubes and ensures safety. When the power is not turned off, it is absolutely impossible to insert or remove the tubes from the circuit. The above safety measures must be taken care of when using MOS tubes.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">When installing the MOS tube, pay attention to the location of the installation to avoid heating elements; to prevent the vibration of MOS tube, it is necessary to fasten MOS tube; when the lead is bent, it should be larger than the root size of 5 mm. Therefore it is important to prevent bending of the pins and causing air leaks.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">When using a VMOS tube, a suitable heat sink must be added. Taking VNF306 as an example, the maximum power can reach 30W after it is equipped with a 140×140×4 (mm) heat sink.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">After the multiple MOS tubes are connected in parallel, the high-frequency characteristics of the amplifier are deteriorated due to the corresponding increase in the inter-electrode capacitance and the distributed capacitance and high-frequency parasitic oscillation of the amplifier is easily caused by the feedback. For this reason, the parallel composite MOS tubes generally do not exceed four, and the anti-parasitic oscillation resistors are connected in series to the base or the gate of each tube.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">The gate-source voltage of the junction MOS transistor cannot be reversed and can be saved in the open state. When the insulated gate MOS transistor is not used, the electrodes must be short-circuited since its input resistance is very high, so as to avoid an external electric field. The MOS tube is damaged by such action.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">When soldering, the soldering iron shell must be equipped with an external grounding wire to prevent damage to MOS tube due to electrification of the soldering iron. For a small amount of soldering, you can also solder the soldering iron after removing the plug or cutting off the power. Especially when soldering insulated gate MOS transistors, they should be soldered in the order of source-drain-gate, and the power should be cut off.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">When soldering with 25W soldering iron, it should be fast. If soldering with 45~75W soldering iron, use the tweezers to clamp the root of the pin to help dissipate heat. The junction MOS tube can qualitatively check the quality of the MOS tube by using the table resistance file (check the resistance between the forward and reverse resistance of each PN junction and the drain source), and the insulated gate field effect tube cannot be inspected with a multimeter, and the tester must be used. Moreover, the short-circuit line of each electrode can be removed after the tester is connected. When it is removed, it should be short-circuited and then removed. The key is to avoid the gate hanging.\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">When input impedance is a factor to consider during design process, it is necessary to take moisture-proof measures to avoid lowering the input resistance of the MOS tube due to temperature influence. If a four-lead MOS transistor is used, its substrate leads should be grounded. The ceramic packaged of the MOS tube has photosensitive properties and should be protected from light.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">For power MOS tubes, there must be good heat dissipation conditions. Because the power MOS tube is used under high load conditions, it is necessary to design a sufficient heat sink to ensure that the temperature of MOS tube casing does not exceed the rated value, so that the MOS device can work stably and reliably for a long time.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">In short, to ensure use of MOS tubes safely, there are many precautions to be adhered to, and the safety measures adopted are various. The vast number of professional and technical personnel required, especially the vast number of electronic enthusiasts, must proceed according to their actual conditions. Take practical measures to use MOS tubes safely and effectively.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C!-- clear for photos floats -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">","uploads/2019/09/MOS-tube.jpg",146,"precautions-for-using-mos-metal-oxide-silicon-transistor-tubes",1776841312498]