[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":106},["ShallowReactive",2],{"category-4d7f472a17ef876377d-89":3},{"records":4,"total":105},[5,24,32,42,52,61,71,78,85,94],{"summary":6,"images":7,"institutionId":7,"horizontalCover":7,"siteId_dictText":8,"updateTime":9,"title":10,"verticalCover":7,"content":11,"tags":7,"cover":12,"createBy":7,"createTime":13,"updateBy":7,"cateId":14,"isTop":15,"siteId":16,"id":17,"cateId_dictText":18,"views":19,"isPage":15,"slug":20,"status":21,"uid":17,"coverImageUrl":22,"createDate":13,"cate":14,"cateName":18,"keywords":7,"nickname":23},"Discover the applications of JTAG in various industries and its importance in device software development.",null,"ElectrParts Blog","2026-04-22 14:50:19","JTAG: How It Revolutionizes Development Processes","\u003Cdiv data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7999\" class=\"elementor elementor-7999\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csection class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f158ac0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f158ac0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-55ea3a7c\" data-id=\"55ea3a7c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c5a021 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6c5a021\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cimg fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"400\" src=\"/uploads/2019/12/444.png\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048 wp-image-34366\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/12/444.png 700w, uploads/2019/12/444-400x229.png 400w, uploads/2019/12/444-650x371.png 650w, uploads/2019/12/444-250x143.png 250w, uploads/2019/12/444-150x86.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" />\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a78250a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a78250a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">* Question\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">How do I configure the FPGA using Boundary Scan mode (JTAG mode)?\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">* Answer\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Here’s a clear, vendor-neutral checklist you can follow to configure an FPGA via \u003Cstrong>Boundary-Scan (JTAG) mode\u003C/strong>. It covers both \u003Cstrong>volatile (SRAM) download\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>indirect programming of config flash\u003C/strong>.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cdiv id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_69_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\">\u003Ca href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\">\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\">\u003Cspan class=\"\">\u003Cspan class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\">\u003Csvg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\">\u003C/path>\u003C/svg>\u003Csvg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\">\u003Cpath d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"/>\u003C/svg>\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cnav>\u003Cul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' >\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"#What_you_need\" title=\"What you need\">What you need\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"#Board_wiring_checks_before_you_start\" title=\"Board & wiring checks (before you start)\">Board & wiring checks (before you start)\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"#A_Volatile_configuration_load_design_to_SRAM_over_JTAG\" title=\"A) Volatile configuration (load design to SRAM over JTAG)\">A) Volatile configuration (load design to SRAM over JTAG)\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"#B_Indirectly_program_the_configuration_flash_via_JTAG_persistent_boot\" title=\"B) Indirectly program the configuration flash via JTAG (persistent boot)\">B) Indirectly program the configuration flash via JTAG (persistent boot)\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"#Using_SVFXSVFJAM_with_3rd-party_JTAG\" title=\"Using SVF/XSVF/JAM with 3rd-party JTAG\">Using SVF/XSVF/JAM with 3rd-party JTAG\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"#Common_pitfalls_quick_fixes\" title=\"Common pitfalls & quick fixes\">Common pitfalls & quick fixes\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"#Minimal_%E2%80%9Crecipe%E2%80%9D_you_can_paste_into_a_lab_sheet\" title=\"Minimal “recipe” you can paste into a lab sheet\">Minimal “recipe” you can paste into a lab sheet\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003C/nav>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_you_need\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cb>What you need\u003C/b>\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Bitstream / programming file\u003C/strong> from your toolflow\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">AMD/Xilinx: .bit (SRAM), .mcs/.bin (config flash via indirect)\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Intel/Altera: .sof (SRAM), .jic/.pof (flash)\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Lattice/Microchip: device-specific (e.g., .bit/.svf for SRAM; .jed/.bin or vendor flash image for NVM)\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">For 3rd-party JTAG players: \u003Cstrong>SVF/XSVF/JAM\u003C/strong> files\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>JTAG cable\u003C/strong> (Platform Cable/HSx, USB-Blaster, FlashPro, Lattice Cable, etc.)\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Powered target board with accessible \u003Cstrong>TCK, TMS, TDI, TDO, GND\u003C/strong> (and Vref if your cable uses it)\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Board_wiring_checks_before_you_start\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cb>Board & wiring checks (before you start)\u003C/b>\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Power rails up and stable\u003C/strong> (core, I/O banks; level shifters powered).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Boot-mode straps\u003C/strong> (MSEL / M[2:0] / CFGx) set appropriately. (JTAG usually works regardless, but set to JTAG/“no auto boot” if you want to prevent other modes.)\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">JTAG chain integrity: correct \u003Cstrong>daisy-chain order\u003C/strong>, short cables, solid ground, no TDO pull-downs.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Start with a \u003Cstrong>conservative TCK\u003C/strong> (e.g., 1–6 MHz) if the chain is long or goes through level shifters.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Volatile_configuration_load_design_to_SRAM_over_JTAG\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cb>A) Volatile configuration (load design to SRAM over JTAG)\u003C/b>\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Open the vendor programmer\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">AMD/Xilinx: Vivado Hardware Manager → \u003Cem>Open Target\u003C/em> → \u003Cem>Program Device\u003C/em>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Intel: Quartus Programmer → \u003Cem>Auto Detect\u003C/em> → \u003Cem>Add File (.sof)\u003C/em>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Lattice: Diamond Programmer → \u003Cem>Scan Chain\u003C/em> → \u003Cem>SRAM Program (.bit/.svf)\u003C/em>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Microchip: Libero/FlashPro → \u003Cem>Scan Chain\u003C/em> → \u003Cem>Program\u003C/em>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Detect the chain\u003C/strong> and verify the FPGA \u003Cstrong>IDCODE\u003C/strong> matches the part.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Assign the bitstream\u003C/strong> to the FPGA device in the chain.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">(Optional) Set options like \u003Cstrong>verify after programming\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>readback\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>keep device in JTAG state\u003C/strong>.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Program\u003C/strong>. Watch status pins (e.g., \u003Cstrong>DONE/INIT_B\u003C/strong> or \u003Cstrong>CONF_DONE\u003C/strong>) and the tool’s log for success.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">If the device immediately “forgets” the design after reset/power-cycle, that’s expected—SRAM configuration is \u003Cstrong>volatile\u003C/strong>. Use section B to make it persistent.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Indirectly_program_the_configuration_flash_via_JTAG_persistent_boot\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cb>B) Indirectly program the configuration flash via JTAG (persistent boot)\u003C/b>\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Convert\u003C/strong> your design to a flash image in the vendor tool\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">AMD/Xilinx: \u003Cem>Generate Memory Configuration File\u003C/em> → .mcs/.bin (select the right SPI/QSPI part)\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Intel: \u003Cem>Convert Programming Files\u003C/em> → .jic/.pof\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Others: make the vendor-specific flash image or \u003Cstrong>SVF/JAM\u003C/strong> for your board’s flash\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">In the programmer, choose \u003Cstrong>Add Configuration Memory Device\u003C/strong> (or equivalent), select the exact flash model on your board.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Program + Verify\u003C/strong> the flash over JTAG.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Power-cycle\u003C/strong> or toggle PROGRAM_n to let the FPGA boot from flash. Confirm \u003Cstrong>DONE/CONF_DONE = High\u003C/strong> and the design runs at reset.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Using_SVFXSVFJAM_with_3rd-party_JTAG\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cb>Using SVF/XSVF/JAM with 3rd-party JTAG\u003C/b>\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">If you aren’t using vendor GUIs, export an \u003Cstrong>SVF/XSVF/JAM\u003C/strong> from the tool and play it with your JTAG controller (OpenOCD, UrJTAG, etc.).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Ensure you include \u003Cstrong>verify\u003C/strong> steps in the script and set a reasonable \u003Cstrong>TCK\u003C/strong>.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_pitfalls_quick_fixes\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cb>Common pitfalls & quick fixes\u003C/b>\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Chain not detected / IDCODE wrong\u003C/strong> → check TDO continuity, reduce TCK, ensure Vref/level shifters powered, remove other devices from reset.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Programming fails at verify\u003C/strong> → slow TCK, shorten cable, add ground strap, check flash part selection.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>DONE/CONF_DONE low after power-cycle\u003C/strong> → wrong flash density/model, missing boot-mode straps, corrupt image, or the flash not actually programmed.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>No JTAG access\u003C/strong> → device security set (bitstream encryption / JTAG disable); clear per vendor procedure.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Autoboot interfering\u003C/strong> → hold PROGRAM_n/INIT low (Xilinx) or nCONFIG low (Intel) during setup, or strap for JTAG mode during bring-up.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Ch1>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Minimal_%E2%80%9Crecipe%E2%80%9D_you_can_paste_into_a_lab_sheet\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cb>Minimal “recipe” you can paste into a lab sheet\u003C/b>\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h1>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Power board → connect JTAG (TCK/TMS/TDI/TDO/GND).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Launch programmer → \u003Cstrong>Auto-detect chain\u003C/strong> (verify IDCODE).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>SRAM load\u003C/strong>: add .bit/.sof → Program → check DONE.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Make persistent\u003C/strong>: convert to flash image (.mcs/.jic/…) → add configuration memory → Program + Verify → Power-cycle → check DONE.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Document \u003Cstrong>tool version, device ID, flash part, TCK, success logs\u003C/strong> for traceability.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\u003C/section>\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C!-- clear for photos floats -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">","uploads/2019/12/444.png","2026-04-22 01:43:22","4d7f472a17ef876377d",0,"2028706543895019522","5925d0a5e827620b27d","QUESTIONS & ANSWERS",266,"how-do-i-configure-the-fpga-using-boundary-scan-mode-jtag-mode",1,"/uploads/2019/12/444.png","Admin",{"summary":25,"images":7,"institutionId":7,"horizontalCover":7,"siteId_dictText":8,"updateTime":9,"title":26,"verticalCover":7,"content":27,"tags":7,"cover":7,"createBy":7,"createTime":13,"updateBy":7,"cateId":14,"isTop":15,"siteId":16,"id":28,"cateId_dictText":18,"views":29,"isPage":15,"slug":30,"status":21,"uid":28,"coverImageUrl":31,"createDate":13,"cate":14,"cateName":18,"keywords":7,"nickname":23},"What are the obvious development trends in the power management product market? Looking for capacitors online purchase? is a reliable marketplace to buy and learn about capacitors. Come with us for amazing deals & information.","What are the obvious development trends in the power management product market?","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva; font-size: 12pt;\">\u003Cspan style=\"color: #c70a0a;\">*\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080;\">Question\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"1136\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">What are the obvious development trends in the power management product market?\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cspan style=\"color: #c70a0a;\">\u003Cbr />\r\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">*\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 12pt;\"> Answer\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"1136\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: trebuchet-ms;\">The power supply voltage of the 1 processor is declining. The current buck converter has been unable to provide a high-efficiency power supply for a new generation of processors. A power supply system with synchronous rectification has emerged and became popular.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: trebuchet-ms;\">3 Because digital power management technology can extend battery life and help improve the energy efficiency of the system, more and more portable electronic products and even power-hungry systems (such as data centers and wireless base stations) use digital power.Management technology.\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u003Cbr />\r\n\u003C/span>\u003C/p>","721ea54a511c5ed3d06",171,"what-are-the-obvious-development-trends-in-the-power-management-product-market","",{"summary":33,"images":7,"institutionId":7,"horizontalCover":7,"siteId_dictText":8,"updateTime":9,"title":34,"verticalCover":7,"content":35,"tags":36,"cover":37,"createBy":7,"createTime":13,"updateBy":7,"cateId":14,"isTop":15,"siteId":16,"id":38,"cateId_dictText":18,"views":39,"isPage":15,"slug":40,"status":21,"uid":38,"coverImageUrl":41,"createDate":13,"cate":14,"cateName":18,"keywords":36,"nickname":23},"Discover the NCP5009 converter, featuring automatic LED current matching and advanced dimming modes for improved performance.","Converter Guide: Understanding NCP5009 Functionality","\u003Cdiv data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7993\" class=\"elementor elementor-7993\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csection class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4547e159 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4547e159\" data-element_type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2bc34559\" data-id=\"2bc34559\" data-element_type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb5e8b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cb5e8b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cimg fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"400\" src=\"/uploads/2019/12/450.png\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048 wp-image-34397\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/12/450.png 700w, uploads/2019/12/450-400x229.png 400w, uploads/2019/12/450-650x371.png 650w, uploads/2019/12/450-250x143.png 250w, uploads/2019/12/450-150x86.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" />","Converter","uploads/2019/12/450.png","87ae3dddea7a4d8d3b3",288,"what-are-the-main-features-of-the-ncp5009","/uploads/2019/12/450.png",{"summary":43,"images":7,"institutionId":7,"horizontalCover":7,"siteId_dictText":8,"updateTime":9,"title":44,"verticalCover":7,"content":45,"tags":46,"cover":47,"createBy":7,"createTime":13,"updateBy":7,"cateId":14,"isTop":15,"siteId":16,"id":48,"cateId_dictText":18,"views":49,"isPage":15,"slug":50,"status":21,"uid":48,"coverImageUrl":51,"createDate":13,"cate":14,"cateName":18,"keywords":46,"nickname":23},"Delve into the key features of amplifier circuits, from voltage gain to bandwidth limitations, for better engineering solutions.","Amplifier Applications: Choosing the Right Parameters","\u003Cdiv data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7995\" class=\"elementor elementor-7995\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csection class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-621b1d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"621b1d3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-29c228b2\" data-id=\"29c228b2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93bd286 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"93bd286\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cimg fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"400\" src=\"/uploads/2019/12/448.png\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048 wp-image-34387\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/12/448.png 700w, uploads/2019/12/448-400x229.png 400w, uploads/2019/12/448-650x371.png 650w, uploads/2019/12/448-250x143.png 250w, uploads/2019/12/448-150x86.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" />\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d22cc4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d22cc4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">* Question\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Application of three basic circuits of amplifier circuit and selection of its parameters.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">* Answer\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Three basic amplifier topologies (BJT ↔ MOSFET mapping):\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Common-Emitter (CE) ↔ Common-Source (CS):\u003C/strong> voltage-gain stage\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Common-Collector (CC, emitter follower) ↔ Common-Drain (CD, source follower):\u003C/strong> buffer/impedance translator\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Common-Base (CB) ↔ Common-Gate (CG):\u003C/strong> wideband, low-input-impedance/current-buffer stage\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cdiv id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_69_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\">\u003Ca href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\">\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\">\u003Cspan class=\"\">\u003Cspan class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\">\u003Csvg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\">\u003C/path>\u003C/svg>\u003Csvg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\">\u003Cpath d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"/>\u003C/svg>\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cnav>\u003Cul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' >\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"#1_CE_CS_%E2%80%94_Voltage-gain_stage\" title=\"1) CE / CS — Voltage-gain stage\">1) CE / CS — Voltage-gain stage\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"#2_CC_CD_%E2%80%94_Buffer_emittersource_follower\" title=\"2) CC / CD — Buffer (emitter/source follower)\">2) CC / CD — Buffer (emitter/source follower)\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"#3_CB_CG_%E2%80%94_Wideband_low-Zin_current_buffer\" title=\"3) CB / CG — Wideband / low-Zin / current buffer\">3) CB / CG — Wideband / low-Zin / current buffer\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'>\u003Ca class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"#Cross-cutting_parameter_choices\" title=\"Cross-cutting parameter choices\">Cross-cutting parameter choices\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003C/nav>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Ch3>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_CE_CS_%E2%80%94_Voltage-gain_stage\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cb>1) CE / CS — Voltage-gain stage\u003C/b>\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Applications:\u003C/strong> general analog gain blocks, audio preamps, sensor interfaces, mid-band IF/RF gain (with cascode).\u003C/span>\u003Cbr />\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Key traits:\u003C/strong> high voltage gain, moderate input Z (CE) / high input Z (CS), Miller-limited bandwidth.\u003C/span>\u003Cbr />\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Parameter selection:\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Bias point:\u003C/strong> set V\u003Csub>CE\u003C/sub>\u003Csub> \u003C/sub>or V\u003Csub>DS\u003C/sub> ≈ 0.4–0.6 × V_CC for max swing; choose I\u003Csub>C\u003C/sub>/I\u003Csub>D\u003C/sub>\u003Csub> \u003C/sub>from linearity/noise/power targets.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Transconductance:\u003C/strong> g\u003Csub>m\u003C/sub>≈I\u003Csub>C\u003C/sub>/V\u003Csub>T\u003C/sub>(BJT), gm≈2I\u003Csub>D\u003C/sub>/V\u003Csub>ov\u003C/sub> (MOS).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Gain target:\u003C/strong> A\u003Csub>v\u003C/sub>≈−g\u003Csub>m\u003C/sub>(R\u003Csub>C\u003C/sub>∥R\u003Csub>L\u003C/sub>) (or −g\u003Csub>m\u003C/sub>(R\u003Csub>D\u003C/sub>∥R\u003Csub>L\u003C/sub>)). Pick R\u003Csub>C\u003C/sub>/R\u003Csub>D\u003C/sub>\u003Csub> \u003C/sub>to meet A\u003Csub>v\u003C/sub>\u003Csub> \u003C/sub>with headroom.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Emitter/Source degeneration \u003C/strong>R\u003Csub>E\u003C/sub>/R\u003Csub>S\u003C/sub>\u003Cstrong>:\u003C/strong> improves linearity & temp stability; A\u003Csub>v\u003C/sub>≈−g\u003Csub>m\u003C/sub>(R\u003Csub>C\u003C/sub>∥R\u003Csub>L\u003C/sub>)/1+g\u003Csub>m\u003C/sub>R′\u003Csub>E\u003C/sub> (use un-bypassed part R′\u003Csub>E\u003C/sub>).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Bias network:\u003C/strong> divider current ≈ 5–10× base current (BJT); set V\u003Csub>GS\u003C/sub> for target I\u003Csub>D\u003C/sub> (MOS).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Caps for low-cutoff \u003C/strong>f\u003Csub>L\u003C/sub>\u003Cstrong>:\u003C/strong> choose C so X\u003Csub>C\u003C/sub>≤1/10 of the seen resistance at f\u003Csub>L\u003C/sub>: C≳10/2πf\u003Csub>L\u003C/sub>R.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Bandwidth:\u003C/strong> mitigate Miller via smaller gain at first stage, cascode, or CB/CG front-end.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Ch3>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_CC_CD_%E2%80%94_Buffer_emittersource_follower\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cb>2) CC / CD — Buffer (emitter/source follower)\u003C/b>\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Applications:\u003C/strong> impedance matching, level shift, line/headphone drivers, ADC drivers.\u003C/span>\u003Cbr />\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Key traits:\u003C/strong> A\u003Csub>v\u003C/sub>≈0.9−1, very high input Z, low output Z.\u003C/span>\u003Cbr />\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Parameter selection:\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Bias for swing:\u003C/strong> I\u003Csub>Q\u003C/sub>≳V\u003Csub>pp\u003C/sub>/(2R\u003Csub>L\u003C/sub>) to avoid clipping.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Output impedance:\u003C/strong> Z\u003Csub>out\u003C/sub>≈(1/g\u003Csub>m\u003C/sub>)∥R\u003Csub>E\u003C/sub> (or (1/g\u003Csub>m\u003C/sub>)∥R\u003Csub>S\u003C/sub>); pick I\u003Csub>Q\u003C/sub> (thus g\u003Csub>m\u003C/sub>) and emitter/source resistor to meet drive spec.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Headroom:\u003C/strong> ensure V\u003Csub>BE\u003C/sub>/V\u003Csub>GS\u003C/sub>\u003Csub> \u003C/sub>margins so device stays in active/saturation region across swing.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Coupling caps:\u003C/strong> size for target f\u003Csub>L\u003C/sub> using rule above.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Ch3>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_CB_CG_%E2%80%94_Wideband_low-Zin_current_buffer\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cb>3) CB / CG — Wideband / low-Zin / current buffer\u003C/b>\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Applications:\u003C/strong> RF LNA input match (e.g., 50 Ω), cascode upper device, photodiode/TIA front-ends, wideband amplifiers.\u003C/span>\u003Cbr />\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Key traits:\u003C/strong> low input Z (≈1/g\u003Csub>m\u003C/sub>), good reverse isolation, minimal Miller, wide bandwidth.\u003C/span>\u003Cbr />\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Parameter selection:\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Match source:\u003C/strong> set g\u003Csub>m\u003C/sub> so R\u003Csub>in\u003C/sub>≈1/g\u003Csub>m\u003C/sub>≈R\u003Csub>S\u003C/sub>(e.g., for 50 Ω, I\u003Csub>C\u003C/sub>≈V\u003Csub>T\u003C/sub>/50 (≈0.5 mA at 300 K)).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Gain:\u003C/strong> A\u003Csub>v\u003C/sub>≈g\u003Csub>m\u003C/sub>(R\u003Csub>C\u003C/sub>∥R\u003Csub>L\u003C/sub>)(or g\u003Csub>m\u003C/sub>R\u003Csub>D\u003C/sub>).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Stability/linearity:\u003C/strong> add small degeneration R\u003Csub>E\u003C/sub>/ or LC match; ensure bias network is RF-bypassed.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Noise:\u003C/strong> higher g\u003Csub>m\u003C/sub>(more bias) lowers input-referred noise but raises power.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Ch3>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cross-cutting_parameter_choices\">\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cb>Cross-cutting parameter choices\u003C/b>\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"ez-toc-section-end\">\u003C/span>\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Define specs first:\u003C/strong> required A\u003Csub>v\u003C/sub>, Z\u003Csub>in\u003C/sub>/Z\u003Csub>out\u003C/sub>, bandwidth, noise, load swing, supply & power.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Check dissipation:\u003C/strong> P\u003Csub>D\u003C/sub>≈V\u003Csub>CE\u003C/sub>I\u003Csub>C\u003C/sub>\u003Csub> \u003C/sub>or V\u003Csub>DS\u003C/sub>I\u003Csub>D\u003C/sub>; heat-sink as needed.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Compensation:\u003C/strong> if global feedback is used, add small C across feedback or partial degeneration to guarantee phase margin.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Iterate:\u003C/strong> compute → simulate (AC/TRANS/NOISE) → prototype → trim R/C/bias.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\u003C/section>\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C!-- clear for photos floats -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">","Applications","uploads/2019/12/448.png","aa1013a4ffd17d5c728",162,"application-of-three-basic-circuits-of-amplifier-circuit-and-selection-of-its-parameters","/uploads/2019/12/448.png",{"summary":53,"images":7,"institutionId":7,"horizontalCover":7,"siteId_dictText":8,"updateTime":9,"title":54,"verticalCover":7,"content":55,"tags":7,"cover":56,"createBy":7,"createTime":13,"updateBy":7,"cateId":14,"isTop":15,"siteId":16,"id":57,"cateId_dictText":18,"views":58,"isPage":15,"slug":59,"status":21,"uid":57,"coverImageUrl":60,"createDate":13,"cate":14,"cateName":18,"keywords":7,"nickname":23},"Gain insights into the active array, including its components and how they contribute to advanced antenna capabilities and performance.","Active Array: Understanding Its Structure and Function","\u003Cdiv data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7998\" class=\"elementor elementor-7998\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csection class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5b9159a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5b9159a4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-12cecbbb\" data-id=\"12cecbbb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86b68bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"86b68bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cimg fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"400\" src=\"/uploads/2019/12/446.png\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048 wp-image-34376\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/12/446.png 700w, uploads/2019/12/446-400x229.png 400w, uploads/2019/12/446-650x371.png 650w, uploads/2019/12/446-250x143.png 250w, uploads/2019/12/446-150x86.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" />","uploads/2019/12/446.png","cb5797555a54f029d26",282,"brief-description-of-the-active-array-structure","/uploads/2019/12/446.png",{"summary":62,"images":7,"institutionId":7,"horizontalCover":7,"siteId_dictText":8,"updateTime":9,"title":63,"verticalCover":7,"content":64,"tags":65,"cover":66,"createBy":7,"createTime":13,"updateBy":7,"cateId":14,"isTop":15,"siteId":16,"id":67,"cateId_dictText":18,"views":68,"isPage":15,"slug":69,"status":21,"uid":67,"coverImageUrl":70,"createDate":13,"cate":14,"cateName":18,"keywords":65,"nickname":23},"Explore the mechanics of Auxiliary Pulse Width Modulation (APWM) mode in active high for effective microcontroller output.","APWM Mechanics: Operation Under Active High Mode","\u003Cdiv data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8002\" class=\"elementor elementor-8002\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csection class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-14bb111 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"14bb111\" data-element_type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-64884785\" data-id=\"64884785\" data-element_type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-938a132 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"938a132\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cimg fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"400\" src=\"/uploads/2019/12/452.png\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048 wp-image-34534\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/12/452.png 700w, uploads/2019/12/452-400x229.png 400w, uploads/2019/12/452-650x371.png 650w, uploads/2019/12/452-250x143.png 250w, uploads/2019/12/452-150x86.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" />","Mechanics","uploads/2019/12/452.png","d52618ac72fc2240c11",260,"how-does-the-auxiliary-pulse-width-modulation-apwm-mode-operate-when-active-high","/uploads/2019/12/452.png",{"summary":72,"images":7,"institutionId":7,"horizontalCover":7,"siteId_dictText":8,"updateTime":9,"title":73,"verticalCover":7,"content":74,"tags":7,"cover":7,"createBy":7,"createTime":13,"updateBy":7,"cateId":14,"isTop":15,"siteId":16,"id":75,"cateId_dictText":18,"views":76,"isPage":15,"slug":77,"status":21,"uid":75,"coverImageUrl":31,"createDate":13,"cate":14,"cateName":18,"keywords":7,"nickname":23},"What is a mixer? Looking for capacitors online purchase? is a reliable marketplace to buy and learn about capacitors. Come with us for amazing deals & information.","What is a mixer?","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva; font-size: 12pt;\">\u003Cspan style=\"color: #c70a0a;\">*\u003C/span> \u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080;\">Question\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"1136\">What is a mixer?\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Geneva;\">\u003Cspan style=\"color: #c70a0a;\">\u003Cbr />\r\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">*\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 12pt;\"> Answer\u003C/span>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ctable>\r\n\u003Ctbody>\r\n\u003Ctr>\r\n\u003Ctd width=\"1136\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: trebuchet-ms;\">Mixing is a frequency conversion process that transforms the carrier frequency in the modulated wave to the intermediate frequency while keeping the modulation law constant.fI=fL-fC or fI=fL fC (where fI represents the intermediate frequency, fL represents the local oscillator frequency, fC represents the carrier frequency. Generally fL difference frequency is used)\u003C/span>\u003C/td>\r\n\u003C/tr>\r\n\u003C/tbody>\r\n\u003C/table>\r\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u003Cbr />\r\n\u003C/span>\u003C/p>","f33d4d51b792e3efe12",418,"what-is-a-mixer",{"summary":79,"images":7,"institutionId":7,"horizontalCover":7,"siteId_dictText":8,"updateTime":9,"title":80,"verticalCover":7,"content":79,"tags":81,"cover":7,"createBy":7,"createTime":13,"updateBy":7,"cateId":14,"isTop":15,"siteId":16,"id":82,"cateId_dictText":18,"views":83,"isPage":15,"slug":84,"status":21,"uid":82,"coverImageUrl":31,"createDate":13,"cate":14,"cateName":18,"keywords":81,"nickname":23},"Discover the key parameters affecting resistance in humidity-sensitive resistors and how to measure them effectively for optimal performance.","Resistance Measurement for Humidity Sensitive Devices","Measurement","f5bb96b379b9c062a81",116,"what-are-the-main-parameters-of-the-humidity-sensitive-resistors",{"summary":86,"images":7,"institutionId":7,"horizontalCover":7,"siteId_dictText":8,"updateTime":9,"title":87,"verticalCover":7,"content":88,"tags":7,"cover":89,"createBy":7,"createTime":13,"updateBy":7,"cateId":14,"isTop":15,"siteId":16,"id":90,"cateId_dictText":18,"views":91,"isPage":15,"slug":92,"status":21,"uid":90,"coverImageUrl":93,"createDate":13,"cate":14,"cateName":18,"keywords":7,"nickname":23},"Learn about different instruments and their importance in music. Explore the diverse types of instruments used worldwide.","Instruments That Transform Sound Experiences Today","\u003Cdiv data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7996\" class=\"elementor elementor-7996\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csection class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-26d1b8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"26d1b8e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-16d4bbba\" data-id=\"16d4bbba\" data-element_type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bbc31b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1bbc31b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cimg fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"400\" src=\"/uploads/2019/12/445.png\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048 wp-image-34371\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/12/445.png 700w, uploads/2019/12/445-400x229.png 400w, uploads/2019/12/445-650x371.png 650w, uploads/2019/12/445-250x143.png 250w, uploads/2019/12/445-150x86.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" />\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-632d3e52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"632d3e52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">* Question\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">What is the detection method for the lean gas sensor?\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">* Answer\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Primary methods used in certified %LEL instruments\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Catalytic combustion (pellistor)\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Principle:\u003C/strong> Gas diffuses to a heated catalyst bead and oxidizes; the heat rise changes bead resistance measured in a Wheatstone bridge (vs. a reference bead).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Strengths:\u003C/strong> Broad response (includes \u003Cstrong>H₂\u003C/strong>), fast, cost-effective.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Limitations:\u003C/strong> Needs \u003Cstrong>~≥10% O₂\u003C/strong> to oxidize; susceptible to \u003Cstrong>poisons\u003C/strong> (silicones, sulfides, lead); can drift and requires periodic \u003Cstrong>bump tests/calibration\u003C/strong>.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Infrared absorption (NDIR)\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Principle:\u003C/strong> Measures IR attenuation at hydrocarbon bands (e.g., C–H stretch); dual-channel optics compensate drift.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Strengths:\u003C/strong> Works in \u003Cstrong>low-oxygen or inert\u003C/strong> atmospheres; resistant to catalyst poisons; stable long-term.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Limitations:\u003C/strong> Does \u003Cstrong>not\u003C/strong> detect \u003Cstrong>hydrogen\u003C/strong>; optical path affected by condensation/dust—needs clean optics and proper filtering.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Other methods sometimes seen (less common for certified LEL alarms)\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Thermal conductivity (TCD):\u003C/strong> Compares thermal conductivity to a reference; better for %vol ranges/binary mixes; poor selectivity at %LEL.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Semiconductor (MOS, e.g., SnO₂):\u003C/strong> Gas adsorption changes film resistance; low cost/compact but higher cross-sensitivity and drift than pellistor/NDIR for safety use.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Rule of thumb\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Need wide combustible coverage \u003Cstrong>including H₂\u003C/strong> and oxygen is present → choose \u003Cstrong>pellistor\u003C/strong>.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Need stability in \u003Cstrong>low-O₂/harsh\u003C/strong> environments and target \u003Cstrong>hydrocarbons\u003C/strong> → choose \u003Cstrong>NDIR\u003C/strong>.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Key specs to check (selection checklist)\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Measuring \u003Cstrong>range & units\u003C/strong> (0–100 %LEL; gas factors for CH₄/propane).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Response/recovery\u003C/strong> (t90/t10).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Temperature/pressure/humidity\u003C/strong> limits and compensation.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Poisoning/contamination\u003C/strong> tolerance (pellistor) or \u003Cstrong>optical fouling\u003C/strong> handling (NDIR).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Certifications\u003C/strong> (e.g., ATEX/IECEx/FM/UL).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Maintenance\u003C/strong>: bump-test frequency and calibration interval.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">\u003Cstrong>Maintenance basics\u003C/strong>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Perform regular \u003Cstrong>bump tests\u003C/strong> with a known test gas; calibrate per manufacturer guidance (pellistors more frequently than NDIR).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Protect from silicones/solvents (pellistor) and keep optics/filter membranes clean (NDIR).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\u003C/section>\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003Csection class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-795caf2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"795caf2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-02d526d\" data-id=\"02d526d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\u003C/section>\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">\u003C/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C!-- clear for photos floats -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\">","uploads/2019/12/445.png","f8d5330e6f6865e4eaa",164,"what-is-the-detection-method-for-the-lean-gas-sensor","/uploads/2019/12/445.png",{"summary":95,"images":7,"institutionId":7,"horizontalCover":7,"siteId_dictText":8,"updateTime":9,"title":96,"verticalCover":7,"content":97,"tags":98,"cover":99,"createBy":7,"createTime":100,"updateBy":7,"cateId":14,"isTop":15,"siteId":16,"id":101,"cateId_dictText":18,"views":102,"isPage":15,"slug":103,"status":21,"uid":101,"coverImageUrl":104,"createDate":100,"cate":14,"cateName":18,"keywords":98,"nickname":23},"Discover the importance of passive components in electronics, focusing on how to correctly use resistors in your circuits.","Passive Components: Understanding Resistor Functions","\u003Cdiv data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8028\" class=\"elementor elementor-8028\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csection class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1ebb458b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1ebb458b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4b64521f\" data-id=\"4b64521f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d54a686 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d54a686\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cimg fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"400\" src=\"/uploads/2019/12/437.png\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048 wp-image-34213\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"uploads/2019/12/437.png 700w, uploads/2019/12/437-400x229.png 400w, uploads/2019/12/437-650x371.png 650w, uploads/2019/12/437-250x143.png 250w, uploads/2019/12/437-150x86.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" />","Components","uploads/2019/12/437.png","2026-04-22 01:43:21","0b163ac906609cb64ae",78,"how-to-use-the-resistors-correctly","/uploads/2019/12/437.png",1892,1776841910248]